Latest HS4 trade
$389.4MReported valueHS4 subsector corridor intelligence
Skins
top trade corridors
HS4 4102 - leading exporter-to-importer routes
Explore reported routes for this HS4 subsector, ranked by latest trade value and paired with growth, market share, access, tariff, and distance context.
The route picture at a glanceHS4 4102 - reported trade
Corridors shown
25Leading routes by valueLeading route value
$134.7MLatest reported valueLeading route growth
-6.5%Calculated 3-year changeLatest reported year
20241995-2024 coverageThe HS4 corridor read
Australia to China leads the reported HS4 4102 routes.
The leading route recorded $134.7M in 2024, with -6.5% calculated three-year growth. Across the HS4 subsector, latest reported trade was $389.4M, with -5.3% calculated three-year growth. Read the HS4 overview ↗
Leading route$134.7M34.6% of latest HS4 trade
Top HS4 corridors
Where Skins trade moves
Observed exporter-to-importer relationships ranked by latest reported trade value. Growth, peak comparisons, and shares are calculated indicators; access fields provide context where available. Review data sources ↗
HS4 4102 exporter-to-importer relationshipsTop 25 by value
Scroll horizontally to compare all route fields.
| Rank | Exporter | Importer | Latest trade | 3-year CAGR | 5-year CAGR | 10-year CAGR | Market share | FTA / access | Applied tariff | MFN tariff | Preferential tariff | Tariff advantage | Distance | Historical peak | Latest below peak | Years | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AustraliaAUS | ChinaCHN | $134.7M | -6.5% | -3.4% | -7.8% | 34.6% | FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1% | +0.2 pp | 8,024 km | $362.7M2011 | 62.9% | 30 | Declining |
| 2 | ItalyITA | ChinaCHN | $17.5M | +54.8% | +19.8% | +21.1% | 4.5% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 9,138 km | $17.5M2024 | 0% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 3 | New ZealandNZL | ChinaCHN | $16.2M | +1.6% | -9.3% | -12.9% | 4.2% | FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1% | +0.2 pp | 9,361 km | $127.3M2012 | 87.2% | 30 | Stable |
| 4 | United KingdomGBR | ChinaCHN | $15.8M | +5.7% | -4.9% | -14.6% | 4.1% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 9,217 km | $142.0M2011 | 88.9% | 29 | Growing |
| 5 | SpainESP | ItalyITA | $13.8M | +3.8% | +7.6% | -3.8% | 3.5% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,366 km | $21.1M2009 | 34.6% | 30 | Growing |
| 6 | SpainESP | FranceFRA | $10.5M | +12.3% | +9% | -6% | 2.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,053 km | $19.9M2011 | 47% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 7 | South AfricaZAF | ItalyITA | $9.4M | -6.6% | -10.1% | -13.1% | 2.4% | FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 7,708 km | $47.2M2013 | 80.1% | 25 | Declining |
| 8 | SpainESP | TurkeyTUR | $8.5M | +1.7% | -7.5% | -13.8% | 2.2% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 2,744 km | $85.7M2013 | 90.1% | 30 | Stable |
| 9 | Iran (Islamic Republic of)IRN | PakistanPAK | $8.2M | -13.4% | +1.3% | -16.6% | 2.1% | No FTA reported | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | +0 pp | 1,919 km | $58.1M2013 | 85.8% | 30 | Rapid decline |
| 10 | TurkeyTUR | ItalyITA | $7.8M | -2.2% | +14.3% | -0.3% | 2% | FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 1,377 km | $11.3M2022 | 31% | 30 | Stable |
| 11 | South AfricaZAF | ChinaCHN | $7.7M | -9.6% | +8.1% | -4.1% | 2% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 11,775 km | $33.9M2013 | 77.2% | 25 | Declining |
| 12 | Former Arab Republic of YemenYEM | MalaysiaMYS | $6.9M | +8.6% | +16.4% | +6.5% | 1.8% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | Not reported | Not reported | 6,438 km | $8.3M2022 | 17.4% | 25 | Growing |
| 13 | Saudi ArabiaSAU | IndonesiaIDN | $6.2M | +1.4% | +47.9% | +86% | 1.6% | No FTA reported | 0.2% | 0.2% | Not reported | Not reported | 7,353 km | $10.4M2022 | 40.6% | 9 | Stable |
| 14 | IrelandIRL | ChinaCHN | $6.0M | +8.5% | +2.4% | -10.5% | 1.5% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 9,368 km | $22.6M2013 | 73.6% | 27 | Growing |
| 15 | FranceFRA | SpainESP | $5.9M | -0.6% | +5% | -4.9% | 1.5% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,053 km | $24.6M1996 | 76.2% | 30 | Stable |
| 16 | GreeceGRC | TurkeyTUR | $5.5M | +0.3% | +8.9% | -8.8% | 1.4% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 562 km | $34.3M2012 | 83.9% | 30 | Stable |
| 17 | ChinaCHN | ItalyITA | $5.4M | -9% | +53.5% | +68% | 1.4% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 9,138 km | $26.7M2022 | 79.7% | 28 | Declining |
| 18 | PortugalPRT | SpainESP | $5.0M | +20.3% | +24.9% | +6.4% | 1.3% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 504 km | $6.4M2013 | 22.1% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 19 | SpainESP | PortugalPRT | $4.7M | +49.5% | +41.4% | +5.7% | 1.2% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 504 km | $9.8M1996 | 52.3% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 20 | New ZealandNZL | PakistanPAK | $3.4M | +26.6% | +15.6% | +7.9% | 0.9% | No FTA reported | 0.4% | 0.4% | Not reported | Not reported | 13,144 km | $4.8M2010 | 29.7% | 27 | Rapid growth |
| 21 | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | ChinaCHN | $3.1M | -6.4% | -0.3% | -13.5% | 0.8% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 11,883 km | $34.0M2011 | 90.9% | 30 | Declining |
| 22 | FranceFRA | ChinaCHN | $2.8M | +42.4% | +24.5% | -6.5% | 0.7% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 9,284 km | $12.7M2008 | 77.6% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 23 | GreeceGRC | SpainESP | $2.8M | -4.2% | -9.1% | -7.3% | 0.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 2,378 km | $23.9M1996 | 88.4% | 30 | Declining |
| 24 | ItalyITA | SpainESP | $2.8M | -6.8% | -0.2% | -12.4% | 0.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,366 km | $17.0M2013 | 83.8% | 30 | Declining |
| 25 | AfghanistanAFG | PakistanPAK | $2.7M | +12.6% | +13.7% | -7.6% | 0.7% | No FTA reported | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0% | +0.4 pp | 1,086 km | $5.9M2014 | 54.7% | 27 | Rapid growth |
Movement to watch
Growth leaders for HS4 4102
The strongest available three-year growth rates are starting points for research, not forecasts. Compare the calculated rate with each route's reported value, share, and trend. Read the methodology ↗
01Growth leader
Italy to China
+54.8%calculated 3-year CAGR$17.5M latest value4.5% market shareRapid growth
02Growth leader
Spain to Portugal
+49.5%calculated 3-year CAGR$4.7M latest value1.2% market shareRapid growth
03Growth leader
France to China
+42.4%calculated 3-year CAGR$2.8M latest value0.7% market shareRapid growth
04Growth leader
New Zealand to Pakistan
+26.6%calculated 3-year CAGR$3.4M latest value0.9% market shareRapid growth
05Growth leader
Portugal to Spain
+20.3%calculated 3-year CAGR$5.0M latest value1.3% market shareRapid growth
Access and tariff context
Compare route access without over-reading one indicator
FTA status, applied tariffs, tariff advantage, and distance are supporting route context. Group averages are calculated from displayed routes and are not tariff recommendations. Check data coverage ↗
13 displayed routes with average calculated growth of +4.8%.
- Average applied tariff
- 0.1%
- Average tariff advantage
- +0.1 pp
12 displayed routes with average calculated growth of +10.2%.
- Average applied tariff
- 0.3%
- Average tariff advantage
- +0.1 pp
Lowest reported applied tariffFTA reported
Spain to Italy
0%Routes with an available applied tariff. Latest route value: $13.8M.
Applied 0%Advantage +0 pp1,366 km
Largest reported tariff advantageNo FTA reported
Afghanistan to Pakistan
+0.4 ppRoutes with an available tariff advantage. Latest route value: $2.7M.
Applied 0.4%Advantage +0.4 pp1,086 km
HS4 indicators
Scale, momentum, and structure in one view
These cards pair reported trade observations with calculated indicators from the available HS4 history. See indicator definitions ↗
Combined reported value across the 25 routes shown.
Calculated annualized change in reported HS4 trade.
Calculated concentration indicators; higher values mean a more concentrated mix.
Calculated variation in annual reported HS4 trade.
Historical peak: $1.6B in 2013. Latest below peak: 75.4%.
30 observed years; 851 active corridors, 118 exporters, 136 importers, and 3 HS6 products.
How to read this view
Keep reported scale separate from calculated movement.
Latest trade values describe reported merchandise trade for HS4 4102. Growth, market share, HHI, volatility, and peak comparisons are calculated indicators over the stated coverage period.
FTA status, tariffs, and distance add route context where available. A missing value stays unavailable; it is not treated as zero or a forecast.
Data source
OECD trade statistics with CEPII context
OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28). OECD BIMTS is the primary trade series for this view. Supporting bilateral trade context uses CEPII BACI bilateral trade flows (202601) under Etalab 2.0 Open Licence. Yugalinks presents derived views of reported observations and calculated indicators. Data terms: OECD Terms & Conditions.