Latest HS4 trade
$6.1BReported valueHS4 subsector corridor intelligence
Copper
top trade corridors
HS4 7412 - leading exporter-to-importer routes
Explore reported routes for this HS4 subsector, ranked by latest trade value and paired with growth, market share, access, tariff, and distance context.
The route picture at a glanceHS4 7412 - reported trade
Corridors shown
25Leading routes by valueLeading route value
$195.0MLatest reported valueLeading route growth
+7.4%Calculated 3-year changeLatest reported year
20241995-2024 coverageThe HS4 corridor read
Germany to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands leads the reported HS4 7412 routes.
The leading route recorded $195.0M in 2024, with +7.4% calculated three-year growth. Across the HS4 subsector, latest reported trade was $6.1B, with -1.2% calculated three-year growth. Read the HS4 overview ↗
Leading route$195.0M3.2% of latest HS4 trade
Top HS4 corridors
Where Copper trade moves
Observed exporter-to-importer relationships ranked by latest reported trade value. Growth, peak comparisons, and shares are calculated indicators; access fields provide context where available. Review data sources ↗
HS4 7412 exporter-to-importer relationshipsTop 25 by value
Scroll horizontally to compare all route fields.
| Rank | Exporter | Importer | Latest trade | 3-year CAGR | 5-year CAGR | 10-year CAGR | Market share | FTA / access | Applied tariff | MFN tariff | Preferential tariff | Tariff advantage | Distance | Historical peak | Latest below peak | Years | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GermanyDEU | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $195.0M | +7.4% | +0.1% | +7.5% | 3.2% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 6,402 km | $195.0M2024 | 0% | 30 | Growing |
| 2 | ItalyITA | GermanyDEU | $178.0M | -4.7% | +2.6% | +2% | 2.9% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,184 km | $210.0M2022 | 15.3% | 30 | Declining |
| 3 | ChinaCHN | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $169.6M | -9.1% | +0.4% | -0.8% | 2.8% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 11,883 km | $245.8M2022 | 31% | 30 | Declining |
| 4 | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | MexicoMEX | $165.3M | +8.6% | +5.8% | +3.4% | 2.7% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 3,359 km | $173.2M2023 | 4.6% | 30 | Growing |
| 5 | Republic of KoreaKOR | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $107.1M | +14.8% | +14% | +20.1% | 1.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 11,077 km | $107.1M2024 | 0% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 6 | ItalyITA | FranceFRA | $102.1M | +2% | +4.4% | +0.5% | 1.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,106 km | $102.1M2024 | 0% | 30 | Stable |
| 7 | GermanyDEU | AustriaAUT | $101.7M | -1.3% | +4.7% | +3.2% | 1.7% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 524 km | $105.7M2021 | 3.7% | 30 | Stable |
| 8 | PolandPOL | GermanyDEU | $96.9M | -5.2% | +3.6% | +1.5% | 1.6% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 518 km | $114.6M2023 | 15.5% | 30 | Declining |
| 9 | ChinaCHN | United KingdomGBR | $96.0M | +2.1% | +10.3% | +7.3% | 1.6% | No FTA reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 9,217 km | $96.0M2024 | 0% | 30 | Stable |
| 10 | ChinaCHN | RussiaRUS | $93.6M | +2.6% | +9.3% | +7.2% | 1.5% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | +0 pp | 6,831 km | $97.9M2023 | 4.4% | 30 | Stable |
| 11 | ChinaCHN | AustraliaAUS | $90.6M | +0.6% | +5.4% | +3.6% | 1.5% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0 pp | 8,024 km | $92.0M2022 | 1.5% | 30 | Stable |
| 12 | GermanyDEU | NetherlandsNLD | $84.2M | +0.6% | +4.6% | +3.2% | 1.4% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 579 km | $84.2M2024 | 0% | 30 | Stable |
| 13 | MexicoMEX | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $81.0M | +6.7% | +5.2% | +3.9% | 1.3% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 3,359 km | $86.3M2023 | 6.2% | 30 | Growing |
| 14 | ItalyITA | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $79.5M | +32.4% | +33.3% | +14.6% | 1.3% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 6,907 km | $79.5M2024 | 0% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 15 | ChinaCHN | JapanJPN | $77.2M | -5.6% | -1.7% | -3.2% | 1.3% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,763 km | $108.0M2011 | 28.5% | 30 | Declining |
| 16 | ChinaCHN | SpainESP | $72.4M | -5.4% | +6.5% | +8.6% | 1.2% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 10,277 km | $85.6M2021 | 15.4% | 30 | Declining |
| 17 | ChinaCHN | FranceFRA | $69.6M | -6.7% | +2.5% | +2% | 1.1% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 9,284 km | $90.0M2022 | 22.7% | 30 | Declining |
| 18 | Viet NamVNM | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | $68.5M | +11.5% | +27.3% | +54.6% | 1.1% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 14,306 km | $68.5M2024 | 0% | 19 | Rapid growth |
| 19 | ChinaCHN | MexicoMEX | $65.4M | +11.2% | +19% | +13.3% | 1.1% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | Not reported | Not reported | 12,928 km | $65.4M2024 | 0% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 20 | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin IslandsUSA | CanadaCAN | $64.6M | +2.2% | +6% | +3.3% | 1.1% | FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 556 km | $65.9M2023 | 2% | 30 | Stable |
| 21 | ChinaCHN | PolandPOL | $63.7M | -4.1% | +6.8% | +7.6% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | +0.1 pp | 7,985 km | $83.1M2022 | 23.3% | 29 | Declining |
| 22 | ChinaCHN | CanadaCAN | $62.5M | -2.6% | +7.8% | +4.4% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 11,441 km | $71.7M2022 | 12.8% | 30 | Stable |
| 23 | ChinaCHN | GermanyDEU | $61.1M | -4.7% | +1.8% | +1% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 8,415 km | $78.9M2022 | 22.6% | 30 | Declining |
| 24 | GermanyDEU | PolandPOL | $60.5M | -3.1% | +3.6% | +3.4% | 1% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 518 km | $66.4M2021 | 9% | 30 | Declining |
| 25 | GermanyDEU | FranceFRA | $58.6M | -4.1% | +5.1% | +1.5% | 1% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 881 km | $69.2M2023 | 15.3% | 30 | Declining |
Movement to watch
Growth leaders for HS4 7412
The strongest available three-year growth rates are starting points for research, not forecasts. Compare the calculated rate with each route's reported value, share, and trend. Read the methodology ↗
01Growth leader
Italy to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands
+32.4%calculated 3-year CAGR$79.5M latest value1.3% market shareRapid growth
02Growth leader
Republic of Korea to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands
+14.8%calculated 3-year CAGR$107.1M latest value1.7% market shareRapid growth
03Growth leader
Viet Nam to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands
+11.5%calculated 3-year CAGR$68.5M latest value1.1% market shareRapid growth
04Growth leader
China to Mexico
+11.2%calculated 3-year CAGR$65.4M latest value1.1% market shareRapid growth
05Growth leader
USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands to Mexico
+8.6%calculated 3-year CAGR$165.3M latest value2.7% market shareGrowing
Access and tariff context
Compare route access without over-reading one indicator
FTA status, applied tariffs, tariff advantage, and distance are supporting route context. Group averages are calculated from displayed routes and are not tariff recommendations. Check data coverage ↗
12 displayed routes with average calculated growth of +1.4%.
- Average applied tariff
- 0%
- Average tariff advantage
- +0 pp
13 displayed routes with average calculated growth of +2.2%.
- Average applied tariff
- 0.1%
- Average tariff advantage
- +0 pp
Lowest reported applied tariffFTA reported
Italy to Germany
0%Routes with an available applied tariff. Latest route value: $178.0M.
Applied 0%Advantage +0 pp1,184 km
Largest reported tariff advantageFTA reported
USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands to Mexico
+0.1 ppRoutes with an available tariff advantage. Latest route value: $165.3M.
Applied 0.1%Advantage +0.1 pp3,359 km
HS4 indicators
Scale, momentum, and structure in one view
These cards pair reported trade observations with calculated indicators from the available HS4 history. See indicator definitions ↗
Combined reported value across the 25 routes shown.
Calculated annualized change in reported HS4 trade.
Calculated concentration indicators; higher values mean a more concentrated mix.
Calculated variation in annual reported HS4 trade.
Historical peak: $6.4B in 2021. Latest below peak: 3.4%.
30 observed years; 6,245 active corridors, 166 exporters, 198 importers, and 2 HS6 products.
How to read this view
Keep reported scale separate from calculated movement.
Latest trade values describe reported merchandise trade for HS4 7412. Growth, market share, HHI, volatility, and peak comparisons are calculated indicators over the stated coverage period.
FTA status, tariffs, and distance add route context where available. A missing value stays unavailable; it is not treated as zero or a forecast.
Data source
OECD trade statistics with CEPII context
OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28). OECD BIMTS is the primary trade series for this view. Supporting bilateral trade context uses CEPII BACI bilateral trade flows (202601) under Etalab 2.0 Open Licence. Yugalinks presents derived views of reported observations and calculated indicators. Data terms: OECD Terms & Conditions.