{ "template": "corridor-anomaly-watch", "templateName": "Trade anomaly page", "source": "api", "publisher": { "name": "Yugalinks", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com", "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks", "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp" }, "seo": { "title": "Greece to Germany trade anomaly | HS 180400 | Yugalinks", "description": "Reported trade anomaly for Greece to Germany in cocoa (HS 180400), with anomaly severity, market value, history, and context.", "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400", "robots": "index, follow" }, "breadcrumbs": [ { "name": "Home", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/" }, { "name": "Trade data", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/" }, { "name": "Trade anomalies", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/" }, { "name": "GRC-DEU HS 180400", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400" } ], "sections": [ "overview", "history", "context", "related-movements", "faq", "data-source" ], "anomaly": { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "market_imports_usd": 1876309182.8480072, "momentum_yoy_pct": 126376.42184984623, "anomaly_z_score": 3.092591442377334, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "77.31478605943335", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0 }, "opportunity": { "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "hs_description": "Cocoa: butter, fat and oil", "hs_chapter": "18", "hs_heading": "1804", "price_range_label": "Medium price range", "trade_type_label": "One-way trade", "substitution_elasticity": -19.937757, "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1876309182.8480077, "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 574440628.1869195, "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 1876309182.8480077, "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 6.8497, "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 9.7719, "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 116.388, "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724, "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 2288885629.25, "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 2613187375.23, "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 4223116.205969, "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 50802, "buyer_population_latest": 83129.288, "buyer_investment_rate": 22.08, "buyer_savings_rate": 27.68, "buyer_edu_secondary": 95.9, "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 4391279.94, "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 53142.97, "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 4.61, "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 3.98, "buyer_pop_growth_pct": -0.6, "exports_latest_usd": 73027.97030558696, "exports_avg_usd": 65889.5343892279, "exports_peak_usd": 375722.8366467039, "share_latest_pct": 0.003892107493432371, "share_avg_pct": 0.018741867760372354, "share_peak_pct": 0.10186454971546872, "share_change_1y_pp": 0.0038854485014974006, "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.008008, "cagr_full_pct": -4.4674, "yoy_avg_pct": 13975.5114, "yoy_latest_pct": 126376.4218, "trend_consistency_pct": 36.3636, "exports_proj_3y_usd": 63671.28, "exports_proj_5y_usd": 58109.41, "your_share_gap_pp": 52.1369, "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1193354718.23, "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1362435695.34, "peer_best_share_pct": 52.14082297806315, "peer_top_exporter": "NLD", "num_suppliers_latest": 78, "buyer_herfindahl_index": 3073.19, "distance_km": 1990.5819091796875, "shares_official_language": 0, "common_spoken_language_score": 0.3463071882724762, "has_wto_reported_fta": 1, "buyer_is_eu_member": 1, "buyer_biz_entry_days": 8, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shares_land_border": 0, "buyer_is_wto_member": 1, "lane_volatility_cv": 1.7844615698717796, "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.99237031859826, "signal_flag": "Slowing", "lane_data_years": 12, "lane_last_year": 2024 }, "lane": { "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400" }, "routeHistory": [ { "year": 1996, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 262572.2814724968, "yoy_growth_pct": null, "cagr_3y_pct": null }, { "year": 2000, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 28617.8959763164, "yoy_growth_pct": -89.10094553171105, "cagr_3y_pct": null }, { "year": 2005, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 375722.8366467039, "yoy_growth_pct": 1212.8946899438192, "cagr_3y_pct": null }, { "year": 2006, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 40794.94078431443, "yoy_growth_pct": -89.142278082321, "cagr_3y_pct": -46.24083971499222 }, { "year": 2014, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 1910.9666284874145, "yoy_growth_pct": -95.31567740570866, "cagr_3y_pct": -59.429988194294644 }, { "year": 2016, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 28.666455389740726, "yoy_growth_pct": -98.49989764539055, "cagr_3y_pct": -95.75866931641698 }, { "year": 2018, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 7649.088029170369, "yoy_growth_pct": 26583.061875546206, "cagr_3y_pct": -42.76419650319809 }, { "year": 2019, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 72.85470491671497, "yoy_growth_pct": -99.0475373712673, "cagr_3y_pct": -66.34356076343838 }, { "year": 2020, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 145.9480429055395, "yoy_growth_pct": 100.32754654950887, "cagr_3y_pct": 72.03154642854052 }, { "year": 2021, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 73.22324150603643, "yoy_growth_pct": -49.829240565131805, "cagr_3y_pct": -78.76691505360499 }, { "year": 2023, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 57.740382940534424, "yoy_growth_pct": -21.144732528982104, "cagr_3y_pct": -7.457615530642481 }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "hs_code": "180400", "export_value_usd": 73027.97030558696, "yoy_growth_pct": 126376.42184984623, "cagr_3y_pct": 693.8960690208086 } ], "corridorHistory": [ { "year": 1995, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2248273553.1552186, "yoy_growth_pct": null, "cagr_3y_pct": null, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 1996, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2066261551.9399529, "yoy_growth_pct": -8.095634134904572, "cagr_3y_pct": null, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 1997, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1912426229.754495, "yoy_growth_pct": -7.445104035402794, "cagr_3y_pct": null, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 1998, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1866151596.2019033, "yoy_growth_pct": -2.4196820161022425, "cagr_3y_pct": -6.020616965506442, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 1999, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1809940191.4298112, "yoy_growth_pct": -3.0121564017894786, "cagr_3y_pct": -4.318866894370299, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2000, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1382627819.4147158, "yoy_growth_pct": -23.609198471775382, "cagr_3y_pct": -10.248813258557698, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2001, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1324007738.5124462, "yoy_growth_pct": -4.239758529311544, "cagr_3y_pct": -10.810334674900457, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2002, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1287093382.9397628, "yoy_growth_pct": -2.788077025452851, "cagr_3y_pct": -10.7416999810786, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2003, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1708849203.1045084, "yoy_growth_pct": 32.768082390528775, "cagr_3y_pct": 7.316413396890509, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2004, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 1847733942.221802, "yoy_growth_pct": 8.127384140448335, "cagr_3y_pct": 11.75054189133462, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2005, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2106575816.3032463, "yoy_growth_pct": 14.008611746894717, "cagr_3y_pct": 17.848035009350085, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2006, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2325981751.9825253, "yoy_growth_pct": 10.415287880039692, "cagr_3y_pct": 10.824093513591393, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2007, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2611021729.0616374, "yoy_growth_pct": 12.254609342320123, "cagr_3y_pct": 12.216576841150829, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2008, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 3044445946.0458174, "yoy_growth_pct": 16.59979356586765, "cagr_3y_pct": 13.060367073214763, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2009, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2333238577.8817697, "yoy_growth_pct": -23.360814439414735, "cagr_3y_pct": 0.10388863533163928, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2010, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2427287348.328555, "yoy_growth_pct": 4.030825280292061, "cagr_3y_pct": -2.4029025109588487, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2011, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2585680390.7787466, "yoy_growth_pct": 6.525516748532545, "cagr_3y_pct": -5.298790714451163, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2012, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2240893832.9087286, "yoy_growth_pct": -13.334461563757937, "cagr_3y_pct": -1.3370618848904892, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2013, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2323804050.8357344, "yoy_growth_pct": 3.6998726449876784, "cagr_3y_pct": -1.4417982987506628, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2014, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2281651471.8176417, "yoy_growth_pct": -1.813947221708856, "cagr_3y_pct": -4.083905280107947, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2015, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2004794350.031156, "yoy_growth_pct": -12.134067152943906, "cagr_3y_pct": -3.6430933364527074, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2016, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2067078444.200582, "yoy_growth_pct": 3.106757267570015, "cagr_3y_pct": -3.8271503585836197, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2017, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2041473796.8532043, "yoy_growth_pct": -1.2386877440096367, "cagr_3y_pct": -3.6396945169073325, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2018, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2341493892.5938096, "yoy_growth_pct": 14.696250140612444, "cagr_3y_pct": 5.311160809011772, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2019, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2366684439.8157773, "yoy_growth_pct": 1.0758322838955836, "cagr_3y_pct": 4.615121980924908, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2020, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 2529285345.483341, "yoy_growth_pct": 6.870409207584127, "cagr_3y_pct": 7.4033941078096355, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2021, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 3248151783.7911506, "yoy_growth_pct": 28.421721558286084, "cagr_3y_pct": 11.527276110341834, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2022, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 3338374346.9597135, "yoy_growth_pct": 2.777658470850697, "cagr_3y_pct": 12.149728446560836, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2023, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 3495849167.854772, "yoy_growth_pct": 4.7171109207232, "cagr_3y_pct": 11.391389017957355, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "DEU", "export_value_usd": 3617338988.152847, "yoy_growth_pct": 3.475259213561177, "cagr_3y_pct": 3.653577991771506, "distance_km": 1807, "capital_distance_km": 1807, "shares_land_border": 0, "shares_official_language": 0, "shares_ethnic_language": 0, "shared_religion": 0, "shared_legal_system": 0, "shared_colonial_history": 0, "has_fta": 1, "rta_coverage_ratio": 2, "exporter_is_wto": 1, "importer_is_wto": 1, "exporter_is_eu": 1, "importer_is_eu": 1, "importer_gdp_million_usd": 4223116.205968999, "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 50801.7848771783, "importer_population": 83129.288, "importer_biz_entry_days": 8, "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 6.5, "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485, "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436, "diplomatic_disagreement": 0.051770021424292996, "scientific_collaboration": 0.05334189900813456, "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0, "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0, "tariff_advantage_pp": 0 } ], "relatedAnomalies": [ { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "SGP", "hs_code": "271012", "market_imports_usd": 20555950506.491554, "momentum_yoy_pct": 1795598.4480869903, "anomaly_z_score": 3.615394180851881, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "90.38485452129702", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "SGP" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "USA", "hs_code": "854140", "market_imports_usd": 17657513460.09219, "momentum_yoy_pct": 57489.55377831286, "anomaly_z_score": 4.62441343537088, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "100", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "KOR", "hs_code": "854239", "market_imports_usd": 15909752628.038187, "momentum_yoy_pct": 21559.07565600556, "anomaly_z_score": 3.46081198651217, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "86.52029966280425", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "KOR" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "CHE", "hs_code": "710813", "market_imports_usd": 15100438803.11982, "momentum_yoy_pct": 896896.7652318277, "anomaly_z_score": 3.275192805700021, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "81.87982014250052", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "Switzerland" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "ITA", "hs_code": "293719", "market_imports_usd": 9098538323.873312, "momentum_yoy_pct": 35891.94505111237, "anomaly_z_score": 2.2327836399958043, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "55.819590999895105", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "Italy" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "USA", "hs_code": "847989", "market_imports_usd": 8970388530.849064, "momentum_yoy_pct": 1161.8278701353731, "anomaly_z_score": 2.352870195667938, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "58.821754891698454", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "CHE", "hs_code": "300215", "market_imports_usd": 8028742523.573805, "momentum_yoy_pct": 1129187.7187146293, "anomaly_z_score": 3.1604532559167113, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "79.01133139791779", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "Switzerland" }, { "year": 2024, "exporter_iso3": "GRC", "importer_iso3": "USA", "hs_code": "851770", "market_imports_usd": 7562836331.666115, "momentum_yoy_pct": 5145.64826083987, "anomaly_z_score": 5.221242689162604, "anomaly_type": "spike", "anomaly_severity": "100", "new_corridor_signal_type": "", "new_corridor_signal_strength": 0, "exporter_name": "Greece", "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands" } ], "links": { "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400", "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400/index.md", "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400/index.json", "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/signal/anomaly/grc-deu-180400/index.ld.json", "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources", "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology" }, "methodology": { "summary": "Reported trade observations and calculated indicators are shown separately. An unusual movement is a research prompt, not a causal conclusion or commercial forecast.", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology" }, "generatedAt": "2026-09-03T09:05:02.431Z", "artifactContract": { "html": "Full visual page", "markdown": "Readable page content and evidence", "json": "Complete page data", "jsonLd": "Page metadata, FAQ, and provenance" } }