{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Pens (HS4 9608) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for pens at HS4 9608, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9608",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9608/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9608/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9608/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9608/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "9608",
    "name": "Pens"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The pens subsector recorded $6.9B in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.3% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 6866203147.403166,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.2693200201722903,
    "activeExporters": 185,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 8
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 3.633492003283334,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.195919428113613,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 6866203147.403166,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2339.9503431106405,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 616.4315978983389,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.24332650263820538
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3093109267.2514915,
      "corridor_count": 4285,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3169585009.666896,
      "corridor_count": 4370,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3359538613.8065963,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3277696095.008119,
      "corridor_count": 4492,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3485192520.5537615,
      "corridor_count": 4727,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 9608,
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      "corridor_count": 6142,
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    },
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      "year": 2001,
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      "corridor_count": 6272,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 3458820913.0501184,
      "corridor_count": 6417,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2003,
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      "global_trade_usd": 3762329016.2176437,
      "corridor_count": 6560,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2004,
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      "corridor_count": 6756,
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    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5389703836.029208,
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      "year": 2008,
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    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 9608,
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      "corridor_count": 7738,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 9608,
      "global_trade_usd": 5311717952.791247,
      "corridor_count": 7762,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2011,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5707218126.370308,
      "corridor_count": 8042,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 9608,
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      "corridor_count": 8233,
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    },
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      "year": 2013,
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      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 9608,
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      "year": 2015,
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      "year": 2016,
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      "year": 2017,
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      "year": 2018,
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      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
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      "trend_label": "Stable",
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      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 9736,
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      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.05920413126868687,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Japan",
      "importer_name": "France"
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      "hs4": 9608,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
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      "exporter_name": "China",
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 174,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 137149036.42235482,
      "export_partner_count": 185,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -20901171.45848632,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 18735325.249907166,
      "export_partner_count": 133,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Czechia"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 172,
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      "export_partner_count": 164,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": 1792882.5476136208,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 28459449.07199806,
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    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 156,
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
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      "imports_usd": 172785328.41648975,
      "trade_balance_usd": -111743876.63163719,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
      "import_partner_count": 90,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 169943348.26655933,
      "trade_balance_usd": -62801264.19934523,
      "export_partner_count": 172,
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      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -155727145.95455253,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 97,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Canada"
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "960810",
      "product_name": "Pens: ball point"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960820",
      "product_name": "Pens: felt tipped and other porous-tipped pens and markers"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960830",
      "product_name": "Pens: fountain, stylograph and other pens"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960831",
      "product_name": "Pens: Indian ink drawing pens"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960839",
      "product_name": "Pens: fountain, stylograph and other pens, excluding Indian ink drawing pens"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960840",
      "product_name": "Pencils: propelling or sliding"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960850",
      "product_name": "Pen and pencil sets: of articles from two or more of the foregoing sub-headings"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960860",
      "product_name": "Pens: ball-point, refills comprising the ball point and ink-reservoir"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960891",
      "product_name": "Pens: nibs and nib points"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "960899",
      "product_name": "Pens and pencils n.e.c. in heading no. 9608: duplicating stylos, pen-holders, pencil-holders, and similar holders, parts of the articles of heading no. 9608"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}