{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Instruments, apparatus and models (HS4 9023) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for instruments, apparatus and models at HS4 9023, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9023",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9023/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9023/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9023/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/9023/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "9023",
    "name": "Instruments, apparatus and models"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The instruments, apparatus and models subsector recorded $3.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with +5% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 3672654960.6833444,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 5.02005720498,
    "activeExporters": 173,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 1
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 8.165140176952113,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.705313553576816,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 3672654960.6833444,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 75.86206896551724,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 807.5406015863674,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 590.0957366357864,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.41731524647921686
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 944894330.9193168,
      "corridor_count": 2655,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 9023,
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      "corridor_count": 2740,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 1008624887.4073299,
      "corridor_count": 2722,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 905527643.1853094,
      "corridor_count": 2848,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 948927243.0757818,
      "corridor_count": 3146,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2000,
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      "corridor_count": 3650,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2001,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 1127168890.6415865,
      "corridor_count": 3975,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 9023,
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      "corridor_count": 4080,
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      "year": 2004,
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    },
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      "year": 2006,
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      "year": 2007,
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    },
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    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 9023,
      "global_trade_usd": 2163706463.983276,
      "corridor_count": 5084,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 9023,
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      "corridor_count": 5147,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2011,
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      "corridor_count": 5306,
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      "year": 2012,
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      "year": 2013,
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    },
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      "year": 2014,
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      "year": 2018,
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      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "product_name": "Instruments, apparatus and models: designed for demonstrational purposes (in education or exhibitions), unsuitable for other uses"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}