{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Tubes (HS4 8540) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for tubes at HS4 8540, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8540",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8540/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8540/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8540/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8540/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8540",
    "name": "Tubes"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The tubes subsector recorded $1.9B in reported global trade in 2024, with +5.1% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1921512246.318322,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 5.091092104162907,
    "activeExporters": 154,
    "activeImporters": 196,
    "activeHs6Products": 11
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 1.32428244778926,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 3.952033137829769,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 20918136241.517773,
    "historicalPeakYear": 1997,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 34.48275862068966,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1683.8212874914022,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 892.4976034916995,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.9048910545228274
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 17766288244.05112,
      "corridor_count": 2650,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 19678195080.294785,
      "corridor_count": 2678,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 20918136241.517773,
      "corridor_count": 2678,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 17689420878.5536,
      "corridor_count": 2720,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 18483364215.059055,
      "corridor_count": 2845,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 20347291939.426025,
      "corridor_count": 3332,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 16367578651.715513,
      "corridor_count": 3374,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 15809844250.94136,
      "corridor_count": 3408,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 14479432582.841213,
      "corridor_count": 3388,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 14761844759.99298,
      "corridor_count": 3477,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 10938579108.174152,
      "corridor_count": 3553,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 8456663858.608803,
      "corridor_count": 3670,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 5653780175.497535,
      "corridor_count": 3907,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 4648672079.645206,
      "corridor_count": 3873,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 3058067714.16027,
      "corridor_count": 3697,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 3219884893.5143256,
      "corridor_count": 3658,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 2984186374.6128125,
      "corridor_count": 3862,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 2600901747.3992286,
      "corridor_count": 3804,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 2148706361.391267,
      "corridor_count": 3758,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 2041947365.2330844,
      "corridor_count": 3748,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1746149528.393084,
      "corridor_count": 3819,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
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      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1763499766.4126573,
      "corridor_count": 3703,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1606293804.1584077,
      "corridor_count": 3765,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1661348126.2828317,
      "corridor_count": 3736,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1582990167.6447651,
      "corridor_count": 3607,
      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8540,
      "global_trade_usd": 1577472301.8968585,
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      "active_hs6_count": 11
    },
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      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 8540,
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      "corridor_count": 3604,
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    },
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      "year": 2022,
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      "corridor_count": 3711,
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    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "France",
      "importer_name": "Greece"
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
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      "hs_code": "854011",
      "product_name": "Tubes: cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes, colour"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854012",
      "product_name": "Tubes: cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes, black and white or other monochrome"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: television camera tubes, image converters and intensifiers, other photo-cathode tubes"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: cathode ray tubes, n.e.s. in heading no. 8540"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: data/graphic display, colour, with a phosphor dot screen pitch smaller than 0.4mm"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave tubes, magnetrons, excluding grid-controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave tubes, klystrons, excluding grid-controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave tubes, other than magnetrons and klystrons, excluding grid-controlled"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854050",
      "product_name": "Tubes: data/graphic display, black and white or other monochrome"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854060",
      "product_name": "Tubes: cathode ray, n.e.c. in heading no. 8540"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854071",
      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave, magnetrons, excluding grid-controlled tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854072",
      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave, klystrons, excluding grid-controlled tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854079",
      "product_name": "Tubes: microwave, other than magnetrons and klystrons, (for example travelling wave tubes, carlinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854081",
      "product_name": "Valves and tubes: receiver or amplifier"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854089",
      "product_name": "Valves and tubes: n.e.s. in heading no. 8540"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854091",
      "product_name": "Tubes: parts of cathode-ray tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "854099",
      "product_name": "Valves and tubes: parts of the valves and tubes of heading no. 8540, excluding parts of cathode-ray tubes"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}