{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machinery (HS4 8478) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machinery at HS4 8478, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8478",
    "name": "Machinery"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machinery subsector recorded $1.3B in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.9% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1251998161.3238277,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.8669759438672937,
    "activeExporters": 145,
    "activeImporters": 176,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 4.474308046897013,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -1.6201649536160656,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1737017742.2555742,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2018,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 48.275862068965516,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1300.4828645990835,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 428.5563168597812,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.19834247812227823
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1272099284.0681133,
      "corridor_count": 1442,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1299424552.217488,
      "corridor_count": 1451,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1256141589.248704,
      "corridor_count": 1497,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1100867221.7514336,
      "corridor_count": 1534,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 944705640.7360661,
      "corridor_count": 1715,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 794671586.8666642,
      "corridor_count": 1855,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 802041537.5225174,
      "corridor_count": 1926,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 877932139.5214772,
      "corridor_count": 1915,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1036563944.401232,
      "corridor_count": 1929,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1195053584.7906513,
      "corridor_count": 2166,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1121370984.2106988,
      "corridor_count": 2256,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1148015055.4957669,
      "corridor_count": 2201,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1278115846.0499513,
      "corridor_count": 2250,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1380932946.1391602,
      "corridor_count": 2388,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1315464387.2684662,
      "corridor_count": 2347,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1321516396.3767164,
      "corridor_count": 2308,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1724080061.648387,
      "corridor_count": 2288,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1445367600.2966242,
      "corridor_count": 2464,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1736181106.1387835,
      "corridor_count": 2543,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1640048910.0497072,
      "corridor_count": 2686,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1324617247.8319817,
      "corridor_count": 2657,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1331632503.7435262,
      "corridor_count": 2672,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1593935159.9177637,
      "corridor_count": 2768,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1737017742.2555742,
      "corridor_count": 2968,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1358542536.3962572,
      "corridor_count": 2928,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1173353677.2121742,
      "corridor_count": 2949,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1097931337.0285668,
      "corridor_count": 2991,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1022479355.06,
      "corridor_count": 2938,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1241155743.5853903,
      "corridor_count": 2943,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 8478,
      "global_trade_usd": 1251998161.3238277,
      "corridor_count": 2943,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    }
  ],
  "corridors": [
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 1,
      "exporter_iso3": "HUN",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 68090619.71010517,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 49571315.11746908,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 39865086.57526924,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 67959450.9087781,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 43.173654307854314,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -1.7027090104676845,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -3.496428404735552,
      "historical_peak_usd": 153730311.98803926,
      "historical_peak_year": 2011,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 55.70774635817896,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 20.918783995596236,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 46.67008271258987,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 689,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.039726759475654336,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04544072754526749,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.00918714510547325,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.03625358243979424,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Hungary",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 38211680.06687721,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 23089358.79087035,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 24120321.50165668,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 17782076.798868943,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 7.553245122967089,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.265452287926347,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 30.48421084888362,
      "historical_peak_usd": 38211680.06687721,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 360.20506207589574,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -22.93096572591653,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6907,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 3,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "ROU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 34875864.51478364,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 31496504.325238734,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 23669875.69553886,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 20597494.43679989,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 19.891576578446003,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 70.22522284254818,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 23.780627094084018,
      "historical_peak_usd": 44162981.87775714,
      "historical_peak_year": 2017,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 21.029189986944676,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -8.36601994348376,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.889050515638015,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1142,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.13328712688888886,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13328712688888886,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13328712688888886,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Romania"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 4,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "ARE",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 29,
      "exports_latest_usd": 29079747.00830951,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 22538703.161172643,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 25206769.87634317,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 20268028.003250547,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -0.6356400501928317,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 13.677244228940989,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.234658021171244,
      "historical_peak_usd": 29641399.56413147,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 1.894824684667065,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 114.43326939065663,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 50,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.8702980713640756,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 4326,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.05214629114545451,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.05214629114545451,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "United Arab Emirates"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "POL",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 27426309.89326932,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 23014921.215909913,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 25531174.182058062,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 33939745.29265045,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 9.70683799432297,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 0.05921066957883525,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 6.7145840352757835,
      "historical_peak_usd": 59307307.570001274,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 53.7555977214146,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 6.749013478050903,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 2.9922539590471873,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 518,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.08091394394890945,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.09345920419547327,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.047506174607201634,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.04595302958827163,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 6,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "DOM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 21458310.88357386,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 18609228.486997917,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 19582546.574517857,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 23413848.00112685,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -1.5183968859549979,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.6203095218551375,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 7.385541973896115,
      "historical_peak_usd": 40241003.024562515,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 46.675506894109915,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 36.857447595833804,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -8.903938859851113,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2495,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.09349000912686867,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.09760514985454544,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0015863757703030305,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.0960187740842424,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Dominican Republic"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 20577590.90556507,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 21121874.76959668,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 16863093.22150433,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19152455.907743815,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.99883675671897,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 24.16169043462604,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 28.703896133146365,
      "historical_peak_usd": 78835969.22697517,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 73.89822043498887,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -21.376043914123144,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -25.705059376427396,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1057,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Greece"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 8,
      "exporter_iso3": "IDN",
      "importer_iso3": "SGP",
      "first_data_year": 1996,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 28,
      "exports_latest_usd": 20464444.978451014,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 16916987.591941472,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 14425305.91901213,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 8761273.124795979,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 22.067612393837166,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 24.811787313397637,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 23.77682835212902,
      "historical_peak_usd": 20464444.978451014,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 30.30470538434964,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 66.66666666666667,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -1.7092159582918534,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 894,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.003564984112044444,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.003564984112044444,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.003564984112044444,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Indonesia",
      "importer_name": "Singapore"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "POL",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 20119082.78327002,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 22175338.303057656,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 20250334.632906478,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19022431.01761158,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 14.696131893787157,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -1.533116140070656,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 10.355145685891888,
      "historical_peak_usd": 37814109.55155631,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 46.79477311018162,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -46.79477311018162,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 41.37931034482759,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 4.34098620789527,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1317,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.08183472355387879,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.09415188815959596,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.048074541990101,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.046077346169494965,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8478,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "SGP",
      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 19871379.07515146,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 18769012.489530068,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 15659863.348290697,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 12790284.450188074,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 19.209522289678382,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.681461878097262,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.177881138037299,
      "historical_peak_usd": 21282560.62690971,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 6.630694381642928,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -6.6306943816429325,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 14.031641151641082,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 894,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.15691195880048484,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.17946165427272726,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.03943796235929293,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.14002369191343433,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Singapore",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 306450078.6280651,
      "imports_usd": 27484437.080240466,
      "trade_balance_usd": 278965641.5478246,
      "export_partner_count": 103,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 235591953.32865083,
      "imports_usd": 101202788.18593061,
      "trade_balance_usd": 134389165.14272022,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 50,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "HUN",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 93780223.5709163,
      "imports_usd": 18042791.440796636,
      "trade_balance_usd": 75737432.13011965,
      "export_partner_count": 76,
      "import_partner_count": 30,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Hungary"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "POL",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 63702977.583967224,
      "imports_usd": 60149415.6060671,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3553561.977900125,
      "export_partner_count": 88,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 54321948.420445114,
      "imports_usd": 10526693.924080884,
      "trade_balance_usd": 43795254.49636423,
      "export_partner_count": 117,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 53732602.65880557,
      "imports_usd": 93816093.07643312,
      "trade_balance_usd": -40083490.41762755,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 53438036.61352657,
      "imports_usd": 12282611.93122583,
      "trade_balance_usd": 41155424.68230074,
      "export_partner_count": 107,
      "import_partner_count": 51,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MYS",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 50945247.554946974,
      "imports_usd": 12129865.020204196,
      "trade_balance_usd": 38815382.53474278,
      "export_partner_count": 57,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 43637491.73662993,
      "imports_usd": 43932783.72266594,
      "trade_balance_usd": -295291.9860360101,
      "export_partner_count": 131,
      "import_partner_count": 26,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 34437649.18271095,
      "imports_usd": 101170290.21104859,
      "trade_balance_usd": -66732641.028337635,
      "export_partner_count": 64,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 235591953.32865083,
      "imports_usd": 101202788.18593061,
      "trade_balance_usd": 134389165.14272022,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 50,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 34437649.18271095,
      "imports_usd": 101170290.21104859,
      "trade_balance_usd": -66732641.028337635,
      "export_partner_count": 64,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 53732602.65880557,
      "imports_usd": 93816093.07643312,
      "trade_balance_usd": -40083490.41762755,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ARE",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 13286745.572883708,
      "imports_usd": 83555467.6771373,
      "trade_balance_usd": -70268722.10425359,
      "export_partner_count": 60,
      "import_partner_count": 55,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "United Arab Emirates"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ROU",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 3554707.383737279,
      "imports_usd": 61394187.135332584,
      "trade_balance_usd": -57839479.7515953,
      "export_partner_count": 42,
      "import_partner_count": 40,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Romania"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "POL",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 63702977.583967224,
      "imports_usd": 60149415.6060671,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3553561.977900125,
      "export_partner_count": 88,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 22554370.20150322,
      "imports_usd": 59627421.95847213,
      "trade_balance_usd": -37073051.756968915,
      "export_partner_count": 50,
      "import_partner_count": 50,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 43637491.73662993,
      "imports_usd": 43932783.72266594,
      "trade_balance_usd": -295291.9860360101,
      "export_partner_count": 131,
      "import_partner_count": 26,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TUR",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 11080860.124417441,
      "imports_usd": 33061356.280560866,
      "trade_balance_usd": -21980496.156143427,
      "export_partner_count": 76,
      "import_partner_count": 37,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "SGP",
      "hs4": 8478,
      "exports_usd": 33332443.310656615,
      "imports_usd": 32815107.047372222,
      "trade_balance_usd": 517336.26328439265,
      "export_partner_count": 48,
      "import_partner_count": 27,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Singapore"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "847810",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for preparing or making up tobacco, n.e.c. in this chapter"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847890",
      "product_name": "Machinery: parts of those for preparing or making up tobacco, n.e.c. in this chapter"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}