# HS4 8478 top trade corridors | Yugalinks

> Published by **Yugalinks**, global trade intelligence for growing businesses.
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Explore reported HS4 8478 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.

Canonical: https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478/corridors

## Page details

- Page type: HS4 subsector top trade corridors
- HS4: **8478 - Machinery**
- Parent sector: [HS2 84 overview](https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84)
- Coverage: 1995-2024
- Publisher: [Yugalinks](https://www.yugalinks.com/)

## Answer

Hungary to Germany leads the reported HS4 8478 routes with $68.1M in 2024 and +43.2% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $1.3B in latest reported trade, with +4.5% calculated three-year growth.

## Explore Yugalinks

- [Open HS4 8478 in the workspace](https://www.yugalinks.com/app?hs=8478)
- [Read the HS4 overview](https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478)
- [Read the parent HS2 overview](https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84)
- [Review data sources](https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources)
- [Check data coverage](https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage)
- [Read the methodology](https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology)
- [Read Responsible AI principles](https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai)

## Summary and indicators

| Measure | Value | Interpretation |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| Latest reported HS4 trade | $1.3B | Reported value in 2024 |
| Displayed corridor value | $520.1M | Sum of the routes shown |
| HS4 3-year CAGR | +4.5% | Calculated annualized change |
| HS4 5-year CAGR | -1.6% | Calculated annualized change |
| HS4 10-year CAGR | -2.7% | Calculated annualized change |
| Latest year-on-year change | -1.9% | Calculated change from the prior year |
| Reported trend | Growing | Available HS4 trend label |
| Historical peak | $1.7B in 2018 | Reported-history comparison |
| Latest below peak | 27.9% | Calculated peak comparison |
| Exporter / importer HHI | 1,300.5 / 428.6 | Calculated concentration indicators |
| Trade volatility | 0.2 | Calculated variation in annual values |
| Active corridors / exporters / importers / HS6 | 2,943 / 145 / 176 / 2 | Latest available breadth |

## Growth leaders

- **Republic of Korea -> Kazakhstan**: +24,661.8% calculated three-year CAGR, $12.7M latest reported value, 1% market share, trend Rapid growth.
- **France -> United Arab Emirates**: +470.3% calculated three-year CAGR, $19.8M latest reported value, 1.6% market share, trend Rapid growth.
- **United Kingdom -> Republic of Korea**: +170.9% calculated three-year CAGR, $12.7M latest reported value, 1% market share, trend Rapid growth.
- **Italy -> Saudi Arabia**: +166.7% calculated three-year CAGR, $14.3M latest reported value, 1.1% market share, trend Rapid growth.
- **Italy -> Sweden**: +116.2% calculated three-year CAGR, $10.7M latest reported value, 0.9% market share, trend Rapid growth.

## Access and tariff context

FTA status, tariff fields, and distance are route context. Group averages below are calculated from the displayed routes and are not tariff recommendations.

| Access group | Reported route value | Routes | Average 3-year CAGR | Average applied tariff | Average tariff advantage |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| FTA reported | $331.1M | 15 | +42.1% | 0.1% | +0.1 pp |
| No FTA reported | $188.9M | 10 | +2,537.2% | 0.1% | +0 pp |

- Lowest reported applied tariff route: **Italy -> Greece** at 0%.
- Largest reported tariff advantage route: **Singapore -> Indonesia** at +0.1 pp.

## Full corridor table

| Rank | Exporter | Importer | Latest trade | 3-year CAGR | 5-year CAGR | 10-year CAGR | Market share | FTA / access | Applied tariff | MFN tariff | Preferential tariff | Tariff advantage | Distance | Historical peak | Latest below peak | Years | Trend |
| ---: | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 1 | Hungary | Germany | $68.1M | +43.2% | -1.7% | -3.5% | 5.4% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 689 km | $153.7M (2011) | 55.7% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 2 | Italy | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands | $38.2M | +7.6% | +12.3% | +30.5% | 3.1% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 6,907 km | $38.2M (2024) | 0% | 30 | Growing |
| 3 | Italy | Romania | $34.9M | +19.9% | +70.2% | +23.8% | 2.8% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 1,142 km | $44.2M (2017) | 21% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 4 | Italy | United Arab Emirates | $29.1M | -0.6% | +13.7% | +3.2% | 2.3% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | Not reported | Not reported | 4,326 km | $29.6M (2021) | 1.9% | 29 | Stable |
| 5 | Germany | Poland | $27.4M | +9.7% | +0.1% | +6.7% | 2.2% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 518 km | $59.3M (2018) | 53.8% | 30 | Growing |
| 6 | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands | Dominican Republic | $21.5M | -1.5% | -5.6% | +7.4% | 1.7% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 2,495 km | $40.2M (2018) | 46.7% | 30 | Stable |
| 7 | Italy | Greece | $20.6M | +3% | +24.2% | +28.7% | 1.6% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,057 km | $78.8M (2018) | 73.9% | 30 | Stable |
| 8 | Indonesia | Singapore | $20.5M | +22.1% | +24.8% | +23.8% | 1.6% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 894 km | $20.5M (2024) | 0% | 28 | Rapid growth |
| 9 | Italy | Poland | $20.1M | +14.7% | -1.5% | +10.4% | 1.6% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,317 km | $37.8M (2023) | 46.8% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 10 | Singapore | Indonesia | $19.9M | +19.2% | +7.7% | +5.2% | 1.6% | FTA reported | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 894 km | $21.3M (2023) | 6.6% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 11 | France | United Arab Emirates | $19.8M | +470.3% | +203.2% | +15.9% | 1.6% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | Not reported | Not reported | 5,251 km | $19.8M (2024) | 0% | 27 | Rapid growth |
| 12 | Germany | China | $17.3M | -5.8% | -13.3% | -16.1% | 1.4% | No FTA reported | 0.3% | 0.3% | Not reported | Not reported | 8,415 km | $227.9M (1995) | 92.4% | 30 | Declining |
| 13 | Italy | Republic of Korea | $16.8M | +31.2% | +70.1% | +29.9% | 1.3% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 8,989 km | $68.5M (2018) | 75.5% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 14 | Germany | USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands | $16.5M | +7.2% | -3.6% | +0.7% | 1.3% | No FTA reported | 0% | 0% | Not reported | Not reported | 6,402 km | $111.9M (1997) | 85.3% | 30 | Growing |
| 15 | Germany | Indonesia | $16.2M | +16% | -5.9% | -20.1% | 1.3% | No FTA reported | 0.2% | 0.2% | Not reported | Not reported | 10,785 km | $152.1M (2014) | 89.4% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 16 | Germany | Romania | $15.7M | +39.3% | +13.3% | +3.3% | 1.3% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 1,297 km | $24.9M (2017) | 36.8% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 17 | Germany | Turkey | $15.5M | +5.5% | +3.3% | +10.2% | 1.2% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 1,738 km | $37.5M (1998) | 58.6% | 30 | Growing |
| 18 | Italy | Saudi Arabia | $14.3M | +166.7% | +114.5% | +83.6% | 1.1% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | Not reported | Not reported | 3,679 km | $14.3M (2024) | 0% | 26 | Rapid growth |
| 19 | Italy | Belgium | $13.5M | +110.4% | +21.2% | +35.2% | 1.1% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,174 km | $22.2M (2018) | 39.4% | 26 | Rapid growth |
| 20 | Germany | Republic of Korea | $13.3M | +27.3% | -18.3% | -0.8% | 1.1% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 8,147 km | $50.4M (2007) | 73.6% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 21 | Germany | Philippines | $12.9M | +28.6% | +7.7% | +1.8% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0.2% | 0.2% | Not reported | Not reported | 9,877 km | $17.5M (2002) | 25.9% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 22 | United Kingdom | Republic of Korea | $12.7M | +170.9% | +12.5% | +49.1% | 1% | FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0% | +0.1 pp | 8,880 km | $25.6M (2002) | 50.2% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 23 | Republic of Korea | Kazakhstan | $12.7M | +24,661.8% | +2,630.7% | +422.6% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | +0 pp | 4,232 km | $12.7M (2024) | 0% | 3 | Rapid growth |
| 24 | Italy | Indonesia | $11.9M | +20.8% | -7% | -12.3% | 1% | No FTA reported | 0.2% | 0.2% | Not reported | Not reported | 10,830 km | $102.6M (2013) | 88.4% | 30 | Rapid growth |
| 25 | Italy | Sweden | $10.7M | +116.2% | +1.2% | +38.3% | 0.9% | FTA reported | 0% | 0% | 0% | +0 pp | 1,978 km | $11.3M (2020) | 5.6% | 27 | Rapid growth |

## Definitions

Latest trade values are reported merchandise trade observations. CAGR, market share, HHI, volatility, and peak comparisons are calculated indicators over the available history. FTA, tariffs, and distance provide route context where available. Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed or presented as forecasts.

## Data sources

- Primary trade series: OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28). [OECD Data Explorer](https://data-explorer.oecd.org/) - [OECD Terms & Conditions](https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/)
- CEPII BACI bilateral trade flows (202601): [dataset page](https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37) - [BACI documentation](https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html) - [Etalab 2.0 Open Licence](https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf)

This page presents derived Yugalinks views of reported observations and calculated indicators.

## Continue your research

- [Open the HS4 workspace](https://www.yugalinks.com/app?hs=8478)
- [Read the HS4 overview](https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8478)
- [Read the HS2 overview](https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84)
- [Review data sources](https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources)
- [Check data coverage](https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage)
- [Read methodology](https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology)
- [Read Responsible AI principles](https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai)