{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machinery (HS4 8477) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machinery at HS4 8477, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8477",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
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    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8477/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8477/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8477/index.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
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    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8477",
    "name": "Machinery"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machinery subsector recorded $31.0B in reported global trade in 2024, with +6.9% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 31026816802.55401,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 6.870154045886665,
    "activeExporters": 185,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 8
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 2.425574537218833,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.917471369970892,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 31026816802.55401,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1657.5778379213714,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 544.2082091420618,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.32039061452192125
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 11697243738.592327,
      "corridor_count": 3633,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 12487816491.670141,
      "corridor_count": 3810,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 12227167647.266436,
      "corridor_count": 3751,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 11761714478.426088,
      "corridor_count": 3894,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 11795961502.22686,
      "corridor_count": 4348,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 12572964584.557648,
      "corridor_count": 4778,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 11217394031.438194,
      "corridor_count": 4837,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 11886512230.569452,
      "corridor_count": 4983,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 14661410616.77939,
      "corridor_count": 5064,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 17252874114.224995,
      "corridor_count": 5176,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 17196641280.550037,
      "corridor_count": 5356,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 18632480675.012405,
      "corridor_count": 5481,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 21528414183.757915,
      "corridor_count": 5683,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 23387386454.64753,
      "corridor_count": 5708,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 15920455918.20289,
      "corridor_count": 5758,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 19763098777.72954,
      "corridor_count": 5793,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 25037703561.58908,
      "corridor_count": 5836,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 25191736496.46835,
      "corridor_count": 6057,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 25072838662.470367,
      "corridor_count": 6074,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 26213111897.55451,
      "corridor_count": 6299,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 23985645815.069557,
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      "year": 2016,
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    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8477,
      "global_trade_usd": 27279128788.9397,
      "corridor_count": 6578,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 28189699322.97946,
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    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "corridor_count": 6769,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
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      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 317959805.27790785,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 270744559.915547,
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      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 23.784994716853515,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 15.36336164794192,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 11.094895813094595,
      "historical_peak_usd": 419578285.7637248,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 60.625685843415965,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 12.69009890375892,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 4425,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.16605990710525254,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.17946165427272728,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.059352995124909096,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
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      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 353654663.4305218,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 318013212.6403503,
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      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.814434833743977,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.6146187954639215,
      "historical_peak_usd": 457902590.186172,
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      "latest_below_peak_pct": 9.580688405422437,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 50.04410354091162,
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      "trend_acceleration_pct": -8.915971521784327,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2887,
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      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Thailand"
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      "export_partner_count": 193,
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      "country_name": "Germany"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
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      "export_partner_count": 165,
      "import_partner_count": 92,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Italy"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 1928807370.763855,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
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      "imports_usd": 454442220.20498055,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1197110394.6549752,
      "export_partner_count": 140,
      "import_partner_count": 80,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Austria"
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      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "export_partner_count": 165,
      "import_partner_count": 90,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 755759642.1924025,
      "trade_balance_usd": 134151361.09463084,
      "export_partner_count": 159,
      "import_partner_count": 83,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
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      "trade_balance_usd": 194546750.4865657,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 70,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Canada"
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    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TWN",
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      "imports_usd": 220258210.92957544,
      "trade_balance_usd": 567845746.6579931,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
      "import_partner_count": 51,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Taiwan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHE",
      "hs4": 8477,
      "exports_usd": 669524117.9409463,
      "imports_usd": 270523885.5537225,
      "trade_balance_usd": 399000232.38722384,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 68,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
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      "trade_balance_usd": -2575906610.870207,
      "export_partner_count": 165,
      "import_partner_count": 90,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 5310870330.203064,
      "export_partner_count": 193,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
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      "country_name": "China"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
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      "imports_usd": 1803094752.784749,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1739384189.580456,
      "export_partner_count": 79,
      "import_partner_count": 97,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "imports_usd": 1684003053.5523453,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4492156439.546824,
      "export_partner_count": 160,
      "import_partner_count": 96,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 1634964954.972077,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1218867100.6521711,
      "export_partner_count": 167,
      "import_partner_count": 75,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 8477,
      "exports_usd": 36359688.72549586,
      "imports_usd": 1109417187.865771,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1073057499.1402752,
      "export_partner_count": 83,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TUR",
      "hs4": 8477,
      "exports_usd": 326300602.409858,
      "imports_usd": 775414875.9062785,
      "trade_balance_usd": -449114273.4964205,
      "export_partner_count": 148,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "THA",
      "hs4": 8477,
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      "imports_usd": 756013482.5491542,
      "trade_balance_usd": -632125317.2628078,
      "export_partner_count": 93,
      "import_partner_count": 55,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 8477,
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      "imports_usd": 755759642.1924025,
      "trade_balance_usd": 134151361.09463084,
      "export_partner_count": 159,
      "import_partner_count": 83,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
      "hs4": 8477,
      "exports_usd": 7845919.314196706,
      "imports_usd": 728435192.0506144,
      "trade_balance_usd": -720589272.7364177,
      "export_partner_count": 65,
      "import_partner_count": 60,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "847710",
      "product_name": "Machinery: injection-moulding machines, for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847720",
      "product_name": "Machinery: extruding, for rubber or plastics"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847730",
      "product_name": "Machinery: blow moulding, for rubber or plastics"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847740",
      "product_name": "Machinery: vacuum moulding and other thermoforming machines for rubber or plastics"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847751",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for moulding or retreading pneumatic tyres or for moulding or otherwise forming inner tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847759",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for moulding or forming, other than for moulding or retreading pneumatic tyres or for moulding or otherwise forming inner tubes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847780",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for working rubber or plastics n.e.s. in heading no. 8477"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847790",
      "product_name": "Machinery: parts of those for working rubber or plastics"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}