{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machines (HS4 8476) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machines at HS4 8476, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8476",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8476/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8476/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8476/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8476/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8476",
    "name": "Machines"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machines subsector recorded $1.9B in reported global trade in 2024, with +1.3% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1916013157.0224454,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 1.2927814409535454,
    "activeExporters": 138,
    "activeImporters": 192,
    "activeHs6Products": 5
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 9.11432562678045,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 1.0653036351510936,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 2000493264.0447614,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 72.41379310344827,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1769.36575617254,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 620.1797583491377,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.22838101766820315
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 780826448.4885771,
      "corridor_count": 1521,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 873257714.8231473,
      "corridor_count": 1550,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 886066800.1805077,
      "corridor_count": 1546,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1157244273.6323495,
      "corridor_count": 1572,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1216161384.0733151,
      "corridor_count": 1759,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1163156402.0793684,
      "corridor_count": 1889,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1220656125.8606532,
      "corridor_count": 2000,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1110109697.5286686,
      "corridor_count": 2180,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1195951141.1293256,
      "corridor_count": 2257,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1408116906.1078475,
      "corridor_count": 2396,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1468544801.2764516,
      "corridor_count": 2455,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1665885686.3627648,
      "corridor_count": 2569,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1812353850.9668658,
      "corridor_count": 2605,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "global_trade_usd": 2000493264.0447614,
      "corridor_count": 2652,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1459585202.2703671,
      "corridor_count": 2615,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1603558435.5808084,
      "corridor_count": 2587,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1845655142.568283,
      "corridor_count": 2681,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 2012,
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      "corridor_count": 2766,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1842998962.7656229,
      "corridor_count": 2739,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8476,
      "global_trade_usd": 1843381455.5067327,
      "corridor_count": 2922,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1641301083.499024,
      "corridor_count": 2975,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
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      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1614316462.4571133,
      "corridor_count": 3062,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1742231489.2837973,
      "corridor_count": 3071,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 8476,
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      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1817138631.8962064,
      "corridor_count": 3132,
      "active_hs6_count": 5
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1326065514.4872625,
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      "active_hs6_count": 5
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 32433020.5480754,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 38510775.90925904,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 33018385.103091113,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 36181614.4545703,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.5707080368178055,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 0.803120775296251,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -1.470120969128419,
      "historical_peak_usd": 49250999.54054121,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 34.14748766392447,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -7.155535766567233,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 6.040829005946224,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1226,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8476,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHE",
      "importer_iso3": "GBR",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
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      "exports_latest_usd": 29230494.816406086,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 31232420.999029785,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 19315438.29419707,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 9759051.625485297,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 126.22629438974494,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 145.5409522729155,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 82.71459945328851,
      "historical_peak_usd": 39596532.30746581,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 26.179154807213344,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -26.179154807213344,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 43.51169493645642,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 777,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importer_name": "United Kingdom"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
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      "trade_balance_usd": 418703789.8287445,
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      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Germany"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 66770429.545942746,
      "export_partner_count": 83,
      "import_partner_count": 37,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
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      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "imports_usd": 268842297.98004365,
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      "export_partner_count": 113,
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      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "exports_usd": 82267814.71933101,
      "imports_usd": 75149538.46574919,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7118276.253581822,
      "export_partner_count": 102,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
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      "exports_usd": 54227950.01150173,
      "imports_usd": 82090208.41762209,
      "trade_balance_usd": -27862258.40612036,
      "export_partner_count": 66,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
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      "exports_usd": 47175515.816553816,
      "imports_usd": 3845452.363332275,
      "trade_balance_usd": 43330063.453221545,
      "export_partner_count": 27,
      "import_partner_count": 26,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHE",
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      "exports_usd": 43506458.40150219,
      "imports_usd": 37501801.34174368,
      "trade_balance_usd": 6004657.059758514,
      "export_partner_count": 73,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 42225454.93227154,
      "imports_usd": 156181723.1520394,
      "trade_balance_usd": -113956268.21976787,
      "export_partner_count": 92,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "France"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
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      "exports_usd": 94044155.37570132,
      "imports_usd": 268842297.98004365,
      "trade_balance_usd": -174798142.60434234,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 57,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 39558467.94566041,
      "imports_usd": 161713601.807374,
      "trade_balance_usd": -122155133.86171359,
      "export_partner_count": 95,
      "import_partner_count": 53,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
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    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "exports_usd": 42225454.93227154,
      "imports_usd": 156181723.1520394,
      "trade_balance_usd": -113956268.21976787,
      "export_partner_count": 92,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "imports_usd": 143685008.62286675,
      "trade_balance_usd": -37019950.41136119,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 9647441.168365132,
      "imports_usd": 107213495.30063044,
      "trade_balance_usd": -97566054.1322653,
      "export_partner_count": 57,
      "import_partner_count": 27,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 54227950.01150173,
      "imports_usd": 82090208.41762209,
      "trade_balance_usd": -27862258.40612036,
      "export_partner_count": 66,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 82267814.71933101,
      "imports_usd": 75149538.46574919,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7118276.253581822,
      "export_partner_count": 102,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 29340239.414132513,
      "imports_usd": 69124180.40780753,
      "trade_balance_usd": -39783940.993675016,
      "export_partner_count": 59,
      "import_partner_count": 58,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8476,
      "exports_usd": 479384274.83482754,
      "imports_usd": 60680485.00608309,
      "trade_balance_usd": 418703789.8287445,
      "export_partner_count": 129,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
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      "imports_usd": 53775109.998882845,
      "trade_balance_usd": -26275977.959644984,
      "export_partner_count": 61,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "847611",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic goods-vending machines, incorporating heating or refrigerating devices (eg food or beverage machines)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847619",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic goods-vending machines, not incorporating heating or refrigerating devices (eg postage stamp, cigarette, food or beverages and money-changing machines)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847621",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic beverage-vending machines, incorporating heating or refrigerating devices"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847629",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic beverage-vending machines, not incorporating heating or refrigerating devices"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847681",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic goods-vending machines, (e.g. postage stamp, cigarette, food or money-changing machines, excluding beverage-vending machines), incorporating heating or refrigerating devices"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847689",
      "product_name": "Machines: automatic goods-vending machines, (eg postage stamp, cigarette, food or money-changing machines, excluding beverage-vending machines), not incorporating heating or refrigerating devices"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847690",
      "product_name": "Machines: parts of automatic goods-vending machines"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}