{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machines (HS4 8475) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machines at HS4 8475, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8475",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8475/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8475/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8475/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8475/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8475",
    "name": "Machines"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machines subsector recorded $4.1B in reported global trade in 2024, with +2.1% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 4145725043.86714,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 2.056197888448978,
    "activeExporters": 139,
    "activeImporters": 177,
    "activeHs6Products": 4
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Rapid decline",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -19.508051898607203,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -1.512769844884121,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 7949561610.858582,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 55.172413793103445,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1738.4335621073353,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 912.5385129952592,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.4762178892476381
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1605713880.2687705,
      "corridor_count": 1610,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1788722745.9350524,
      "corridor_count": 1581,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1668141019.1433966,
      "corridor_count": 1656,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1289299207.3770905,
      "corridor_count": 1617,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1239674030.426502,
      "corridor_count": 1871,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8475,
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      "corridor_count": 1925,
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    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1715979759.117772,
      "corridor_count": 2016,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1396286325.8662348,
      "corridor_count": 2116,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 1558591766.3328843,
      "corridor_count": 2164,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 2138089320.0122786,
      "corridor_count": 2195,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 2462795880.9186273,
      "corridor_count": 2379,
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    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8475,
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      "corridor_count": 2312,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "global_trade_usd": 3353573482.004171,
      "corridor_count": 2486,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 2542,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 2925542333.8123083,
      "corridor_count": 2460,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 3289500035.5166044,
      "corridor_count": 2399,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 4498168113.590665,
      "corridor_count": 2488,
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    },
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      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8475,
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      "corridor_count": 2572,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 3815831717.0918674,
      "corridor_count": 2527,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8475,
      "global_trade_usd": 3818596364.656087,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 2015,
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    },
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      "year": 2016,
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      "year": 2017,
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      "global_trade_usd": 3624058198.181388,
      "corridor_count": 2687,
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    },
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      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4350809380.775029,
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    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 53.63646521059877,
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      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6907,
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      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
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      "country_name": "Germany"
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      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 169101540.63736084,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 48,
      "import_partner_count": 26,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 64,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 30710488.29732245,
      "trade_balance_usd": 129135571.08229548,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "Sweden"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 175871144.88419008,
      "trade_balance_usd": -22636930.24776423,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
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      "export_partner_count": 111,
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      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "export_partner_count": 42,
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      "export_partner_count": 64,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -158457396.37108713,
      "export_partner_count": 41,
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      "country_name": "Mexico"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 178001901.3255155,
      "trade_balance_usd": -123225323.33491048,
      "export_partner_count": 71,
      "import_partner_count": 34,
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "hs4": 8475,
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      "imports_usd": 175871144.88419008,
      "trade_balance_usd": -22636930.24776423,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "imports_usd": 174794384.3566325,
      "trade_balance_usd": 169101540.63736084,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MYS",
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      "exports_usd": 119104811.60737765,
      "imports_usd": 164878201.22614178,
      "trade_balance_usd": -45773389.61876413,
      "export_partner_count": 66,
      "import_partner_count": 35,
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 8475,
      "exports_usd": 30859662.6816284,
      "imports_usd": 157083969.5712805,
      "trade_balance_usd": -126224306.8896521,
      "export_partner_count": 51,
      "import_partner_count": 30,
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "847510",
      "product_name": "Machines: for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes, valves or flashbulbs, in glass envelopes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847520",
      "product_name": "Machines: for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847521",
      "product_name": "Machines: for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware, for making optical fibres and preforms thereof"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847529",
      "product_name": "Machines: for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware, not for making optical fibres and preforms thereof"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "847590",
      "product_name": "Machines: parts, of those for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes, valves or flashbulbs, in glass envelopes and manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}