{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machine-tools (HS4 8460) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machine-tools at HS4 8460, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8460",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8460/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8460/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8460/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8460/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8460",
    "name": "Machine-tools"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machine-tools subsector recorded $4.2B in reported global trade in 2024, with +1.1% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 4202081958.3695493,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 1.0988046467426429,
    "activeExporters": 161,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 10
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 4.218593593241282,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -2.2212719700775763,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 5965469477.183516,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2012,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1294.8615907971498,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 829.2257763861084,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.27898315671476254
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2557737059.8632555,
      "corridor_count": 2697,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2924927829.3507447,
      "corridor_count": 2736,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2488118245.939928,
      "corridor_count": 2656,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2406813331.849647,
      "corridor_count": 2665,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2321447373.9339223,
      "corridor_count": 2827,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2000,
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      "corridor_count": 3088,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8460,
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      "corridor_count": 3217,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2286147250.0557814,
      "corridor_count": 3233,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8460,
      "global_trade_usd": 2507053137.6144333,
      "corridor_count": 3266,
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    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8460,
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    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "year": 2006,
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      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8460,
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      "corridor_count": 3832,
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    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 3846,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2009,
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      "global_trade_usd": 3075801613.762059,
      "corridor_count": 3783,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8460,
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      "corridor_count": 3871,
      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2011,
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    },
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      "year": 2012,
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      "active_hs6_count": 10
    },
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      "year": 2013,
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    },
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      "year": 2014,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4980421443.9405365,
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      "year": 2015,
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    },
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      "year": 2016,
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      "year": 2017,
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      "corridor_count": 4214,
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      "year": 2018,
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    },
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      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: flat-surface grinding machines, in which positioning in any one axis can be set up to an accuracy of 0.01mm or better, numerically controlled"
    },
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    },
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: flat-surface grinding machines, in which positioning in any one axis can be set up to an accuracy of 0.01mm or better, other than numerically controlled"
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: grinding machines (other than flat-surface), in which positioning in any one axis can be set up to at least an accuracy of 0.01mm, numerically controlled"
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: grinding machines (excluding flat-surface), centreless, numerically controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: cylindrical grinding machines (excluding flat-surface and centreless), numerically controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: grinding machines (excluding flat-surface, cylindrical and centreless), numerically controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: grinding machines (other than flat-surface), in which positioning in any one axis can be set up to at least an accuracy of 0.01mm, other than numerically controlled"
    },
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      "hs_code": "846031",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: sharpening (tool or cutter grinding) machines, numerically controlled"
    },
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      "product_name": "Machine-tools: sharpening (tool or cutter grinding) machines, other than numerically controlled"
    },
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      "hs_code": "846040",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: for honing or lapping"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "846090",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: for deburring, polishing or otherwise finishing metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets by means of grinding stones, abrasives or polishing products, n.e.c. in heading no. 8460"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}