{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machine-tools (HS4 8456) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machine-tools at HS4 8456, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8456",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8456/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8456/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8456/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8456/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8456",
    "name": "Machine-tools"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machine-tools subsector recorded $7.5B in reported global trade in 2024, with -8.5% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 7483376606.059265,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -8.507954645733038,
    "activeExporters": 158,
    "activeImporters": 197,
    "activeHs6Products": 7
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.580965677293833,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.311579905531791,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 8561253434.732975,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 65.51724137931035,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1286.6130956164488,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 647.7591037928414,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3895215505065686
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 3077236367.378322,
      "corridor_count": 2478,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2391048580.4513345,
      "corridor_count": 2526,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2354893616.4258714,
      "corridor_count": 2529,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2311044805.944996,
      "corridor_count": 2600,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2610962373.2985587,
      "corridor_count": 2784,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 3152875366.0107727,
      "corridor_count": 2987,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2635952360.1997094,
      "corridor_count": 3039,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2537104369.7316513,
      "corridor_count": 3171,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2886681542.9225845,
      "corridor_count": 3341,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 4076351280.7697167,
      "corridor_count": 3412,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 4360782895.682524,
      "corridor_count": 3626,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5410209345.850568,
      "corridor_count": 3589,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5573245501.569303,
      "corridor_count": 3791,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5786037557.623934,
      "corridor_count": 3870,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 2829881245.339326,
      "corridor_count": 3854,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 4272168128.2149754,
      "corridor_count": 3842,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5860679012.646725,
      "corridor_count": 4001,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5317795347.432457,
      "corridor_count": 3026,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5354196983.975836,
      "corridor_count": 2900,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 6094257328.211061,
      "corridor_count": 3101,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5727813741.676088,
      "corridor_count": 3165,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5658973819.751297,
      "corridor_count": 3366,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 6843561119.426811,
      "corridor_count": 3427,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 7695825757.647307,
      "corridor_count": 3558,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 6675343925.951399,
      "corridor_count": 3653,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 5989482593.3963785,
      "corridor_count": 3532,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 7849830939.897525,
      "corridor_count": 3566,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 8354987836.067716,
      "corridor_count": 3733,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 8561253434.732975,
      "corridor_count": 3836,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 8456,
      "global_trade_usd": 7483376606.059265,
      "corridor_count": 3815,
      "active_hs6_count": 7
    }
  ],
  "corridors": [
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 1,
      "exporter_iso3": "JPN",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 316505340.6266648,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 382859519.42631865,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 402189192.4287027,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 330267743.5293609,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -14.23468809037094,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.80638357265151,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.041131973096279,
      "historical_peak_usd": 501702226.5428168,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 36.91370620224798,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -9.039420174857682,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -18.27582006346722,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1763,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Japan",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 212960106.59154752,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 182311679.7694663,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 148333391.9172813,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 109507091.28275886,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 25.911164138906972,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 27.10923275222128,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 14.833448543201811,
      "historical_peak_usd": 212960106.59154752,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 18.767102110881083,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 11.077715595705161,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 11883,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 3,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHE",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 199616625.7568622,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 238535383.9306353,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 229290263.3839051,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 265430757.5727516,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -5.582559674752385,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.838109009655035,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -4.750129290622929,
      "historical_peak_usd": 441175204.3444125,
      "historical_peak_year": 2008,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 54.75343496389535,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -24.83375032584474,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -0.8324303841294567,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 674,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04288606249130865,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0587826368271605,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.019574648181838888,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.039207988645321615,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 4,
      "exporter_iso3": "JPN",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 193383426.791104,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 205559822.0245513,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 176871721.42875937,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 160168284.45041746,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.659014250314897,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 5.465906465643777,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.3861998649741913,
      "historical_peak_usd": 227673644.32384366,
      "historical_peak_year": 1995,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 15.061127358230875,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -12.37994337315892,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 3.2728143853407055,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 10872,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04673181352585858,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.022290415014285702,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.02445433962268399,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Japan",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 163396787.56253886,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 174058731.6498584,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 169520611.74861538,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 187358615.71115384,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -2.8699114761426836,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.567681015594628,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -7.084463839573729,
      "historical_peak_usd": 340690592.03930694,
      "historical_peak_year": 2014,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 52.03953634748826,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -12.702407067126254,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 4.214552363431046,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 8415,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 6,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "VNM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 156747317.65427798,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 130073893.38814552,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 117283830.09782621,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 85708387.50483608,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 19.807447414214785,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.074508697545294,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 20.681680663933122,
      "historical_peak_usd": 156747317.65427798,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 20.2425611121839,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -0.8742332497183369,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2732,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.1527572807164251,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.15905857597826087,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02103543936987923,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13802313660838164,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 144549067.9160076,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 139979596.85477832,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 129827890.28407106,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 86668024.45277388,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.113145440453003,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 15.86910798552763,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 18.80222134697003,
      "historical_peak_usd": 151833841.3681115,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 4.797858887362543,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 16.99084367192587,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 79.3103448275862,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -14.689075906517026,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 867,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.14177167863838386,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.1460026246404041,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.1297884190808081,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.01621420555959599,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 8,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 140805755.07556626,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 158696307.25286034,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 141501332.23069277,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 134293554.2904311,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 3.158904645481697,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -0.3705591242590067,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.370819041559849,
      "historical_peak_usd": 185954795.72065812,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 24.27957852343582,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -24.27957852343582,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.2119143960781518,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6402,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "BRA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 126638826.16931279,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 111238843.43856244,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 87959102.84914534,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 52316231.679307684,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 22.725860704557487,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 29.95036389850114,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 19.748146247690435,
      "historical_peak_usd": 126638826.16931279,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 10.303281771134642,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 72.41379310344827,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 2.9777144568670515,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 18570,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.2883659997252525,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.2883659997252525,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Brazil"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8456,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 110820600.3160991,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 101723557.79601412,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 84864584.17938581,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 65722125.961114466,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 19.557438336764953,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 10.719286677604178,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 9.62625152023322,
      "historical_peak_usd": 114698242.96526824,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.3807341323818885,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -3.3807341323818907,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 9.931186816531733,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6907,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 2127001168.6186864,
      "imports_usd": 781956581.7776146,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1345044586.8410718,
      "export_partner_count": 193,
      "import_partner_count": 66,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 1110151522.983087,
      "imports_usd": 478124935.27688324,
      "trade_balance_usd": 632026587.7062038,
      "export_partner_count": 127,
      "import_partner_count": 68,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 980377087.811422,
      "imports_usd": 140586948.19511363,
      "trade_balance_usd": 839790139.6163083,
      "export_partner_count": 78,
      "import_partner_count": 38,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHE",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 573611918.8913941,
      "imports_usd": 94791876.75153615,
      "trade_balance_usd": 478820042.139858,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 474087623.4383622,
      "imports_usd": 176726926.90821394,
      "trade_balance_usd": 297360696.53014827,
      "export_partner_count": 117,
      "import_partner_count": 60,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 344901913.688457,
      "imports_usd": 1128288374.225739,
      "trade_balance_usd": -783386460.537282,
      "export_partner_count": 138,
      "import_partner_count": 70,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 322467462.07378334,
      "imports_usd": 268157591.3019229,
      "trade_balance_usd": 54309870.77186045,
      "export_partner_count": 79,
      "import_partner_count": 37,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TWN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 134164923.57289314,
      "imports_usd": 189672556.30946183,
      "trade_balance_usd": -55507632.73656869,
      "export_partner_count": 94,
      "import_partner_count": 36,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Taiwan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "SGP",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 129521071.6310659,
      "imports_usd": 46133784.566856615,
      "trade_balance_usd": 83387287.06420928,
      "export_partner_count": 67,
      "import_partner_count": 41,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Singapore"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 122546917.97545236,
      "imports_usd": 160601152.86360514,
      "trade_balance_usd": -38054234.88815278,
      "export_partner_count": 103,
      "import_partner_count": 61,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 344901913.688457,
      "imports_usd": 1128288374.225739,
      "trade_balance_usd": -783386460.537282,
      "export_partner_count": 138,
      "import_partner_count": 70,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 2127001168.6186864,
      "imports_usd": 781956581.7776146,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1345044586.8410718,
      "export_partner_count": 193,
      "import_partner_count": 66,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 1110151522.983087,
      "imports_usd": 478124935.27688324,
      "trade_balance_usd": 632026587.7062038,
      "export_partner_count": 127,
      "import_partner_count": 68,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 31804026.016329702,
      "imports_usd": 340665419.656656,
      "trade_balance_usd": -308861393.6403263,
      "export_partner_count": 59,
      "import_partner_count": 81,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 6693054.347110587,
      "imports_usd": 303151163.48237944,
      "trade_balance_usd": -296458109.13526887,
      "export_partner_count": 50,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 322467462.07378334,
      "imports_usd": 268157591.3019229,
      "trade_balance_usd": 54309870.77186045,
      "export_partner_count": 79,
      "import_partner_count": 37,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 104541029.98899882,
      "imports_usd": 224406350.22835353,
      "trade_balance_usd": -119865320.23935471,
      "export_partner_count": 61,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IND",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 16400801.475836594,
      "imports_usd": 216521381.64731616,
      "trade_balance_usd": -200120580.17147955,
      "export_partner_count": 102,
      "import_partner_count": 48,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BRA",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 1845844.333214625,
      "imports_usd": 195055163.1059293,
      "trade_balance_usd": -193209318.77271467,
      "export_partner_count": 32,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Brazil"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TWN",
      "hs4": 8456,
      "exports_usd": 134164923.57289314,
      "imports_usd": 189672556.30946183,
      "trade_balance_usd": -55507632.73656869,
      "export_partner_count": 94,
      "import_partner_count": 36,
      "active_hs6_count": 7,
      "country_name": "Taiwan"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "845610",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: operated by laser or other light or photon beam process"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845611",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: for working any material by removal of material: operated by laser"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845612",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: for working any material by removal of material: operated by other light or photon beam processes (not laser)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845620",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: for working any material by removal of material, operated by ultrasonic processes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845630",
      "product_name": "Machine-tools: operated by electro-discharge processes"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845640",
      "product_name": "Machine tools: for working any material by removal of material: operated by plasma arc processes:"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845650",
      "product_name": "Machine tools: for working any material by removal of material: operated by water-jet cutting machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845690",
      "product_name": "Machine tools: operated by electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic beam or plasma-arc processes, for working any material by removal of material"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845691",
      "product_name": "Machine tools: operated by electro-chemical, electron-beam, ionic-beam or plasma-arc processes, for dry-etching patterns on semiconductor materials"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845699",
      "product_name": "Machine tools: operated by electro-chemical, electron-beam, ionic beam or plasma-arc processes, other than for dry-etching patterns on semiconductor materials"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}