{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machinery (HS4 8453) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machinery at HS4 8453, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8453",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8453/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8453/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8453/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8453/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8453",
    "name": "Machinery"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machinery subsector recorded $953.9M in reported global trade in 2024, with +9.6% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 953907256.0423844,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 9.592525071096759,
    "activeExporters": 142,
    "activeImporters": 184,
    "activeHs6Products": 4
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.7571161768386578,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -4.555359591285335,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1204338089.476501,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 58.62068965517241,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 3088.3654197119645,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 861.5724714043704,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.2107352116042799
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 908014701.4900736,
      "corridor_count": 2123,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 951604114.7397139,
      "corridor_count": 2158,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 896858215.3152817,
      "corridor_count": 2094,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 709888775.7338754,
      "corridor_count": 2099,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 669327883.1169184,
      "corridor_count": 2208,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 627583023.0961001,
      "corridor_count": 2322,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 614059006.0480944,
      "corridor_count": 2269,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 676386036.5466852,
      "corridor_count": 2275,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 692256153.0124968,
      "corridor_count": 2341,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 747084621.3524091,
      "corridor_count": 2455,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "global_trade_usd": 716282639.4741652,
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      "year": 2006,
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      "corridor_count": 2395,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 772641258.945193,
      "corridor_count": 2512,
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    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 2421,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 511433809.0800097,
      "corridor_count": 2446,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 809118278.7750822,
      "corridor_count": 2389,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 976201163.9697517,
      "corridor_count": 2442,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 816893458.9626281,
      "corridor_count": 2507,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8453,
      "global_trade_usd": 955988756.5694405,
      "corridor_count": 2459,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1092469179.7121346,
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      "year": 2015,
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      "corridor_count": 2611,
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    },
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      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1087101614.1685443,
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      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8453,
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      "corridor_count": 2727,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1167570778.519031,
      "corridor_count": 2736,
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    },
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      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8453,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -15626503.50752009,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
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    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": -18270314.34985655,
      "export_partner_count": 1,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "Bangladesh"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "845310",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for preparing, tanning or working hides, skins or leather, other than sewing machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845320",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for making or repairing footwear, other than sewing machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845380",
      "product_name": "Machinery: for making or repairing articles of hides, skins or leather, other than sewing machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "845390",
      "product_name": "Machinery: parts of those for preparing, tanning or working hides, skins or leather, for making or repairing footwear or other articles of hides, skin or leather, other than sewing machines"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}