{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Printing machinery (HS4 8443) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for printing machinery at HS4 8443, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8443",
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8443/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8443/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8443/index.json",
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  "internalLinks": {
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    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8443",
    "name": "Printing machinery"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The printing machinery subsector recorded $73.6B in reported global trade in 2024, with -2% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 73596265363.70377,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -2.0237426364425257,
    "activeExporters": 197,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 13
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -3.259292468708863,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -2.053993626322448,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 116386147274.62077,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 48.275862068965516,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1735.2314475703533,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 555.0461344221101,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5285334025066103
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 29558799713.76884,
      "corridor_count": 6239,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 23607370392.308918,
      "corridor_count": 5453,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 24207732340.56339,
      "corridor_count": 5336,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 23274979647.59418,
      "corridor_count": 5486,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 23759787443.714664,
      "corridor_count": 5808,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 24835778976.605705,
      "corridor_count": 6499,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 23949764929.936504,
      "corridor_count": 6634,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 20470290786.21936,
      "corridor_count": 6840,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 20988568339.655514,
      "corridor_count": 7017,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 24193754162.597553,
      "corridor_count": 7164,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 27368057766.173447,
      "corridor_count": 7326,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
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      "year": 2006,
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      "corridor_count": 7447,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 116386147274.62077,
      "corridor_count": 8510,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 112470968046.37488,
      "corridor_count": 8816,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 91657335199.49527,
      "corridor_count": 9214,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 104930985058.92686,
      "corridor_count": 9376,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 107037802193.58571,
      "corridor_count": 9526,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 101618362025.61426,
      "corridor_count": 9733,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 99805064184.51958,
      "corridor_count": 9789,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 96380626156.60008,
      "corridor_count": 10095,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
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    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 86295483093.98903,
      "corridor_count": 10171,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 82091129449.62093,
      "corridor_count": 10425,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 86874925357.54791,
      "corridor_count": 10470,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 88289902510.52124,
      "corridor_count": 10843,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 81643593607.69843,
      "corridor_count": 10585,
      "active_hs6_count": 13
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8443,
      "global_trade_usd": 71485884041.39972,
      "corridor_count": 10000,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
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      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.058782636827160485,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0166649603067814,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.04211767652037909,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8443,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "MEX",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 909497930.4417568,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 785029224.5426201,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 703135038.2304907,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 726543950.7699381,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 13.901232435537981,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 8.34814713212988,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.5107345928568217,
      "historical_peak_usd": 1076284845.775454,
      "historical_peak_year": 2008,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 15.496540343233084,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 25.63315422098389,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 12.39049784268116,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 3359,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.03143133432052091,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.00839116261590505,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.03835359202106465,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Mexico",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8443,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 826097174.5330108,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1066728287.7891164,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1209765523.1211941,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1294486780.6452322,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -17.56927050942574,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -12.722021728535616,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -2.794043162236981,
      "historical_peak_usd": 2471664406.6217527,
      "historical_peak_year": 2007,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 66.57729211458312,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -29.883235354342276,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -14.775227347188757,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 12,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 579,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Netherlands",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "exports_usd": 15782632983.620184,
      "imports_usd": 5158855048.445722,
      "trade_balance_usd": 10623777935.174461,
      "export_partner_count": 199,
      "import_partner_count": 109,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 10587463286.05167,
      "imports_usd": 3330719900.754945,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7256743385.296725,
      "export_partner_count": 166,
      "import_partner_count": 70,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "exports_usd": 6376906961.018591,
      "imports_usd": 5948798336.442928,
      "trade_balance_usd": 428108624.5756626,
      "export_partner_count": 186,
      "import_partner_count": 131,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 4976640497.410047,
      "imports_usd": 1188243103.0570679,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3788397394.3529787,
      "export_partner_count": 145,
      "import_partner_count": 59,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MYS",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 4817223791.491404,
      "imports_usd": 937170718.5416986,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3880053072.949705,
      "export_partner_count": 158,
      "import_partner_count": 78,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 4102784447.746391,
      "imports_usd": 4641110715.4776945,
      "trade_balance_usd": -538326267.7313037,
      "export_partner_count": 177,
      "import_partner_count": 121,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "THA",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 4085906508.3998156,
      "imports_usd": 1305287815.4391804,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2780618692.960635,
      "export_partner_count": 151,
      "import_partner_count": 82,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 2637853709.974682,
      "imports_usd": 13025093870.429392,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10387240160.45471,
      "export_partner_count": 182,
      "import_partner_count": 117,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "SGP",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 2362751414.6450205,
      "imports_usd": 1994849600.3159678,
      "trade_balance_usd": 367901814.3290527,
      "export_partner_count": 146,
      "import_partner_count": 89,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Singapore"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "PHL",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 2139962167.9663,
      "imports_usd": 593474316.8730929,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1546487851.0932071,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 68,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Philippines"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "exports_usd": 2637853709.974682,
      "imports_usd": 13025093870.429392,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10387240160.45471,
      "export_partner_count": 182,
      "import_partner_count": 117,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 6376906961.018591,
      "imports_usd": 5948798336.442928,
      "trade_balance_usd": 428108624.5756626,
      "export_partner_count": 186,
      "import_partner_count": 131,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 15782632983.620184,
      "imports_usd": 5158855048.445722,
      "trade_balance_usd": 10623777935.174461,
      "export_partner_count": 199,
      "import_partner_count": 109,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 4102784447.746391,
      "imports_usd": 4641110715.4776945,
      "trade_balance_usd": -538326267.7313037,
      "export_partner_count": 177,
      "import_partner_count": 121,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
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      "exports_usd": 10587463286.05167,
      "imports_usd": 3330719900.754945,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7256743385.296725,
      "export_partner_count": 166,
      "import_partner_count": 70,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 1113181014.181587,
      "imports_usd": 2635764003.1914625,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1522582989.0098755,
      "export_partner_count": 178,
      "import_partner_count": 133,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 1213284460.9156125,
      "imports_usd": 2118557610.6075447,
      "trade_balance_usd": -905273149.6919322,
      "export_partner_count": 181,
      "import_partner_count": 119,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "SGP",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 2362751414.6450205,
      "imports_usd": 1994849600.3159678,
      "trade_balance_usd": 367901814.3290527,
      "export_partner_count": 146,
      "import_partner_count": 89,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Singapore"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 1054287508.875252,
      "imports_usd": 1912491171.8236947,
      "trade_balance_usd": -858203662.9484427,
      "export_partner_count": 137,
      "import_partner_count": 106,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8443,
      "exports_usd": 1172817401.882441,
      "imports_usd": 1755594953.7414136,
      "trade_balance_usd": -582777551.8589725,
      "export_partner_count": 173,
      "import_partner_count": 104,
      "active_hs6_count": 13,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "844311",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: offset, reel fed"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844312",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: offset, sheet-fed, office type (sheet size not exceeding 22 x 36cm in the unfolded state)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844313",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: offset, n.e.c. in item no. 8443.1"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844314",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: letterpress, reel-fed, excluding flexographic printing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844315",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: letterpress, other than reel-fed, excluding flexographic printing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844316",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: flexographic"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844317",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: gravure"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844319",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: used for printing by means of plates, cylinders and other printing components of heading 84.42, n.e.c. in item no. 8443.1"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844321",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: letterpress, reel fed, excluding flexographic printing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844329",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: letterpress, other than reel fed, excluding flexographic printing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844330",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: flexographic"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844331",
      "product_name": "Printing, copying, and facsimile machines: machines which perform two or more of the functions of printing, copying or facsimile transmission, capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844332",
      "product_name": "Printing, copying, and facsimile machines: single-function printing, copying or facsimile machines, capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844339",
      "product_name": "Printing, copying, and facsimile machines: single-function printing, copying or facsimile machines, not capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844340",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: gravure"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844350",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: of a type n.e.s. in heading no. 8443"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844351",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: (not letterpress, offset, flexographic or gravure), ink-jet printing machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844359",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: of a type n.e.s. in heading no. 8443, (eg other than letterpress, offset, flexographic, gravure or ink-jet printing machines)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844360",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: machines for uses ancillary to printing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844390",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: parts thereof"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844391",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery used for printing by means of plates, cylinders and other printing components of heading 8442: parts and accessories"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844399",
      "product_name": "Printing machinery: parts and accessories, n.e.c. in item no. 8443.91"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}