{ "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview", "source": "api", "title": "Machines (HS4 8441) Trade Overview | Yugalinks", "description": "Review reported global trade for machines at HS4 8441, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.", "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441", "publisher": { "name": "Yugalinks", "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com", "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks", "sameAs": [ "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks" ] }, "sourceAttribution": { "publisher": "OECD", "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D", "year": 2025, "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)", "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/", "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0", "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/", "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions", "accessed": "2026-08-27", "supportingSources": [ { "publisher": "CEPII", "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows", "release": "202601", "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html", "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37", "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf", "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence", "accessed": "2026-08-27" } ] }, "links": { "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/index.html", "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/index.md", "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/index.json", "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/index.ld.json", "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks" }, "internalLinks": { "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app", "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform", "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology", "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources", "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage", "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai" }, "subsector": { "hs4": "8441", "name": "Machines" }, "coverage": { "firstDataYear": 1995, "latestDataYear": 2024, "yearsWithData": 30, "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09" }, "answer": "The machines subsector recorded $8.1B in reported global trade in 2024, with -3.8% annual change.", "keyFigures": { "latestTradeUsd": 8126445083.114882, "latestAnnualChangePct": -3.821956157623776, "activeExporters": 172, "activeImporters": 197, "activeHs6Products": 6 }, "growthAndStructure": { "trendLabel": "Stable", "tradeCagr3yPct": -0.18554838206511493, "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.8909221046447, "historicalPeakUsd": 8410159748.050885, "historicalPeakYear": 2023, "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 65.51724137931035, "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1819.9637114357213, "importerConcentrationHhi": 511.0020441216493, "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.29804838372784914 }, "annualRows": [ { "year": 1995, "hs4": 8441, 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-1014309066.0617243, "export_partner_count": 140, "import_partner_count": 82, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "NLD", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 282026375.20000976, "imports_usd": 202341980.93492502, "trade_balance_usd": 79684394.26508474, "export_partner_count": 135, "import_partner_count": 65, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Netherlands" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "JPN", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 274226954.9531703, "imports_usd": 99362038.58279333, "trade_balance_usd": 174864916.37037697, "export_partner_count": 117, "import_partner_count": 45, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Japan" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "ESP", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 229498505.29765794, "imports_usd": 272131293.5727009, "trade_balance_usd": -42632788.27504298, "export_partner_count": 126, "import_partner_count": 65, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Spain" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "TWN", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 162010529.16030213, "imports_usd": 61470964.83266661, "trade_balance_usd": 100539564.32763553, "export_partner_count": 135, "import_partner_count": 36, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Taiwan" } ], "importers": [ { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "USA", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 401571393.52495754, "imports_usd": 1415880459.5866818, "trade_balance_usd": -1014309066.0617243, "export_partner_count": 140, "import_partner_count": 82, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "DEU", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 1258078070.2206087, "imports_usd": 426475358.589066, "trade_balance_usd": 831602711.6315427, "export_partner_count": 154, "import_partner_count": 71, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Germany" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "MEX", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 11503770.633290626, "imports_usd": 370165206.4558115, "trade_balance_usd": -358661435.82252085, "export_partner_count": 63, "import_partner_count": 87, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Mexico" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "FRA", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 514113026.93690443, "imports_usd": 337786680.4016667, "trade_balance_usd": 176326346.53523773, "export_partner_count": 133, "import_partner_count": 64, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "France" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "IND", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 92970655.55630225, "imports_usd": 319886586.0667984, "trade_balance_usd": -226915930.51049614, "export_partner_count": 142, "import_partner_count": 70, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "India" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "ITA", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 1128628359.9856875, "imports_usd": 315239996.29396826, "trade_balance_usd": 813388363.6917193, "export_partner_count": 150, "import_partner_count": 74, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Italy" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "ESP", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 229498505.29765794, "imports_usd": 272131293.5727009, "trade_balance_usd": -42632788.27504298, "export_partner_count": 126, "import_partner_count": 65, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Spain" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "POL", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 73501336.6766341, "imports_usd": 248309861.89375716, "trade_balance_usd": -174808525.21712306, "export_partner_count": 102, "import_partner_count": 56, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Poland" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "GBR", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 112532803.14257163, "imports_usd": 227158995.3690508, "trade_balance_usd": -114626192.22647917, "export_partner_count": 140, "import_partner_count": 63, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "United Kingdom" }, { "year": 2024, "country_iso3": "CAN", "hs4": 8441, "exports_usd": 98289163.93780854, "imports_usd": 214869498.46976036, "trade_balance_usd": -116580334.53195181, "export_partner_count": 84, "import_partner_count": 60, "active_hs6_count": 6, "country_name": "Canada" } ], "products": [ { "hs_code": "844110", "product_name": "Machines: cutting, of all kinds, for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard" }, { "hs_code": "844120", "product_name": "Machines: for making bags, sacks or envelopes of paper pulp, paper or paperboard" }, { "hs_code": "844130", "product_name": "Machines: for making cartons, boxes, cases, tubes, drums or similar containers (other than by moulding), of paper pulp, paper or paperboard" }, { "hs_code": "844140", "product_name": "Machines: for moulding articles, in paper pulp, paper or paperboard" }, { "hs_code": "844180", "product_name": "Machinery: n.e.c. in heading no. 8441, for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard" }, { "hs_code": "844190", "product_name": "Machinery: parts of machinery for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard, including cutting machines of all kinds" } ], "methodology": { "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.", "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.", "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed." } }