{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:54.350Z",
  "title": "HS4 8441 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 8441 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 8441",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8441/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "8441",
  "parentHs2": "84",
  "subsectorName": "Machines",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "8441",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 8126445083.114882,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 8179403289.744132,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 7878377470.068466,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 7149585131.371866,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": -0.18554838206511493,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": 2.8909221046447,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": 3.1259873509799307,
    "historical_peak_usd": 8410159748.050885,
    "historical_peak_year": 2023,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.373475337394818,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -3.821956157623776,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.3115357330450457,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1819.9637114357213,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 511.0020441216493,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.29804838372784914,
    "active_corridor_count": 5346,
    "active_exporter_count": 172,
    "active_importer_count": 197,
    "active_hs6_count": 6,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 8126445083.114882,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 2589735415.514932,
    "topFiveSharePct": 12.645373216311558,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 256210828.59369493,
      "cagr3": 3.020210707534421,
      "cagr5": 3.2174671990879755,
      "cagr10": 6.139839443287309,
      "share": 3.1528032980380245,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6907,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 256210828.59369493,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -0.18554838206511493,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.8909221046447,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": 3.1259873509799307,
    "latestYoyPct": -3.821956157623776,
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 8410159748.050885,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 3.373475337394818,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1819.9637114357213,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 511.0020441216493,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.29804838372784914,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Italy to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands leads the reported HS4 8441 routes with $256.2M in 2024 and +3% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $8.1B in latest reported trade, with -0.2% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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      "cagr3": 3.020210707534421,
      "cagr5": 3.2174671990879755,
      "cagr10": 6.139839443287309,
      "share": 3.1528032980380245,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6907,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 256210828.59369493,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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      "cagr10": 7.4573405976129825,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
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      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6402,
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "IND",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "India",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.07929677931515151,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
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      "rank": 4,
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      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
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      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
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      "distanceKm": 6339,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 171136327.57800806,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "VNM",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Viet Nam",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "RUS",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Russia",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.0692081698762452,
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      "distanceKm": 6831,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 108323094,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "MEX",
      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importerName": "Mexico",
      "value": 96013277.11823256,
      "cagr3": 16.066390927538787,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.1311842474462,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 96013277.11823256,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Italy",
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 95403668.74565254,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 9,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "POL",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Poland",
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      "cagr3": 1.2304220369605101,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.047506174607201634,
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      "distanceKm": 518,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 161940600.84590015,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 10,
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      "importerIso3": "IDN",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Indonesia",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "FRA",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "France",
      "importerName": "Italy",
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 12,
      "exporterIso3": "CHE",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 13,
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      "importerIso3": "USA",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
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      "importerIso3": "CAN",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.031168520881953585,
      "distanceKm": 556,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 98307185.0163616,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1995,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 18.15484855287134,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "MEX",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Mexico",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.13600296420404037,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
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      "distanceKm": 12928,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 79421204.69470361,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 79318382.50080827,
      "cagr3": 1.0549857770013826,
      "cagr5": 6.3252227984929466,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
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      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Germany",
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      "cagr3": 19.27756493916202,
      "cagr5": 3.0463228712095836,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
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