{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Book-binding machinery (HS4 8440) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for book-binding machinery at HS4 8440, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8440",
    "name": "Book-binding machinery"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The book-binding machinery subsector recorded $854.5M in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 854466965.4470868,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.6930043953280625,
    "activeExporters": 143,
    "activeImporters": 193,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 1.3911053821122232,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -1.4003525349616242,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 2068439850.0478313,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 58.62068965517241,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1243.0727878992034,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 828.6586724281351,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.27549176544578274
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1015934117.7692423,
      "corridor_count": 2113,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
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      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1009711926.6491889,
      "corridor_count": 2131,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1027983319.7248678,
      "corridor_count": 2212,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1085345840.4353797,
      "corridor_count": 2107,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1067309517.6086714,
      "corridor_count": 2343,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1138553763.5978913,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1132118254.112507,
      "corridor_count": 2657,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 877186286.7482284,
      "corridor_count": 2690,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8440,
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      "corridor_count": 2690,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2004,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1179113701.998791,
      "corridor_count": 2781,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
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      "year": 2005,
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    },
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      "year": 2006,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1598522099.304294,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
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      "year": 2007,
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      "corridor_count": 3277,
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    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1236774785.0278819,
      "corridor_count": 3287,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1254732492.8512065,
      "corridor_count": 3167,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1343443851.9804487,
      "corridor_count": 3250,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2012,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
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      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8440,
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      "corridor_count": 3310,
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    },
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      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8440,
      "global_trade_usd": 1086457463.9134452,
      "corridor_count": 3340,
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      "year": 2015,
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      "year": 2016,
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    {
      "year": 2017,
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      "global_trade_usd": 955244047.2993227,
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    },
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      "year": 2018,
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    },
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      "year": 2019,
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      "year": 2020,
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  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "844010",
      "product_name": "Book-binding machinery: including book-sewing machines"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "844090",
      "product_name": "Book-binding machinery: including book-sewing machines, parts thereof"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}