{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:54.380Z",
  "title": "HS4 8440 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 8440 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 8440",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "8440",
  "parentHs2": "84",
  "subsectorName": "Book-binding machinery",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "8440",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 854466965.4470868,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 834399052.0309377,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 810554933.9445202,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 871830871.6739193,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": 1.3911053821122232,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": -1.4003525349616242,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": -2.373379691823174,
    "historical_peak_usd": 2068439850.0478313,
    "historical_peak_year": 2007,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 58.690267670711926,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -1.6930043953280625,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 3.7644850739353974,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1243.0727878992034,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 828.6586724281351,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.27549176544578274,
    "active_corridor_count": 3222,
    "active_exporter_count": 143,
    "active_importer_count": 193,
    "active_hs6_count": 2,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 854466965.4470868,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 340164169.1229061,
    "topFiveSharePct": 17.032789970516767,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 42739487.23049626,
      "cagr3": 4.977031652235953,
      "cagr5": 3.5733653651017994,
      "cagr10": 0.18697469039021808,
      "share": 5.00188877496668,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6402,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 119170849.86536762,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 64.13595499337222,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 1.3911053821122232,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -1.4003525349616242,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": -2.373379691823174,
    "latestYoyPct": -1.6930043953280625,
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 2068439850.0478313,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 58.690267670711926,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1243.0727878992034,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 828.6586724281351,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.27549176544578274,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Germany to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands leads the reported HS4 8440 routes with $42.7M in 2024 and +5% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $854.5M in latest reported trade, with +1.4% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 42739487.23049626,
      "cagr3": 4.977031652235953,
      "cagr5": 3.5733653651017994,
      "cagr10": 0.18697469039021808,
      "share": 5.00188877496668,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6402,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 119170849.86536762,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 64.13595499337222,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "CHE",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 40311615.269148655,
      "cagr3": 17.456961766223223,
      "cagr5": 4.426809752443628,
      "cagr10": 5.745732733168385,
      "share": 4.717750000792157,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6339,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 59613447.32679179,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2006,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 32.37831885788025,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 21686792.888347544,
      "cagr3": -8.718761541975006,
      "cagr5": -15.267210506912576,
      "cagr10": 26.06085279262562,
      "share": 2.538049306212822,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 11883,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 49652121.73883033,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 56.322525344596826,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "exporterIso3": "LVA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Latvia",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 20482743.79412028,
      "cagr3": 33.400107068752206,
      "cagr5": 16.854743603481293,
      "cagr10": 9.662136567304703,
      "share": 2.3971370014758846,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.02255160736896552,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.039979416618007656,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.013171297500229886,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.026808119117777772,
      "distanceKm": 6775,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 22382048.92806583,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 8.48584122056819,
      "yearsWithData": 19,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "exporterIso3": "CHE",
      "importerIso3": "DEU",
      "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importerName": "Germany",
      "value": 20318924.409937613,
      "cagr3": -7.146066826814012,
      "cagr5": -3.4857069942900942,
      "cagr10": -5.833158221444457,
      "share": 2.3779648870692203,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04288606249130865,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0587826368271605,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.019574648181838888,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.039207988645321615,
      "distanceKm": 674,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 86865511.57225132,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 76.6087552560637,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "exporterIso3": "JPN",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Japan",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 19840240.81056603,
      "cagr3": 14.272006940725257,
      "cagr5": 7.904945372106864,
      "cagr10": 0.7832999837070309,
      "share": 2.3219435756869697,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04673181352585858,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.022290415014285702,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.02445433962268399,
      "distanceKm": 10872,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 63684627.48345055,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2001,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 68.84610683210508,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "CHE",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "value": 14981302.219756221,
      "cagr3": 10.024120375557555,
      "cagr5": 12.824204079130608,
      "cagr10": -1.304976101021238,
      "share": 1.7532921488565076,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.012842625485358024,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.021083829923006173,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": -0.021083829923006173,
      "distanceKm": 674,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 31822395.926187865,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 52.92214246059474,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "DZA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Algeria",
      "value": 12148026.401,
      "cagr3": 147.08634336645753,
      "cagr5": 51.494913703662725,
      "cagr10": 24.43237118077515,
      "share": 1.4217081399564382,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.23601804822633746,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.2414155071193416,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.07626019778189304,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.16515530933744854,
      "distanceKm": 1932,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 14348373.104468409,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 15.335165091177972,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 9,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Italy",
      "value": 11689439.06202666,
      "cagr3": -8.331340988017066,
      "cagr5": 1.40697447950342,
      "cagr10": 2.349604666084537,
      "share": 1.368038734640881,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 1184,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 60130520.83421537,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 80.55989055166282,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 10,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "France",
      "value": 11240312.777611451,
      "cagr3": 2.5080474511807838,
      "cagr5": -2.67237978515783,
      "cagr10": -6.526356997879179,
      "share": 1.31547657570707,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 881,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 38354769.14862288,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.69383279545815,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 11024824.14370727,
      "cagr3": 54.3530164813147,
      "cagr5": 7.242154778314913,
      "cagr10": 16.82494921106541,
      "share": 1.2902575043306326,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6907,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 11024824.14370727,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 12,
      "exporterIso3": "CHE",
      "importerIso3": "GBR",
      "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importerName": "United Kingdom",
      "value": 10885875.087781709,
      "cagr3": 23.729888682871646,
      "cagr5": 7.423721777530123,
      "cagr10": 8.047650431295938,
      "share": 1.273996014823796,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": null,
      "mfnTariffPct": null,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 777,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 29753321.351066213,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1996,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 63.41290789241043,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 13,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 10566500.577241417,
      "cagr3": -24.140971560033485,
      "cagr5": -11.978506588674964,
      "cagr10": -5.6550945548305975,
      "share": 1.2366189688459936,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 8415,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 32148240.67308333,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 67.13194764002,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "IND",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "India",
      "value": 10346386.80502832,
      "cagr3": 34.42979188029658,
      "cagr5": -3.755946536375465,
      "cagr10": 3.3985425546736447,
      "share": 1.210858608163363,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 5786,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 12529079.999913933,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 17.421017304547558,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "CAN",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Canada",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 8914122.452120557,
      "cagr3": 20.08952639502275,
      "cagr5": 24.45441885960895,
      "cagr10": 3.818550385888253,
      "share": 1.0432378093700063,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.022607953013134546,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.02283901769554344,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.023905736941426253,
      "distanceKm": 556,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 14766684.288188064,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 39.6335543027015,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "PRT",
      "importerIso3": "DEU",
      "exporterName": "Portugal",
      "importerName": "Germany",
      "value": 8243069.183075299,
      "cagr3": -3.417799648270614,
      "cagr5": -0.8074324605450545,
      "cagr10": -2.0487859963879584,
      "share": 0.9647030858310874,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 2316,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 15121194.569616323,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 45.48665355025285,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "NLD",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Netherlands",
      "value": 8216229.331259448,
      "cagr3": -13.233453989142719,
      "cagr5": -11.376657299262739,
      "cagr10": -4.434435831194938,
      "share": 0.9615619635991933,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 579,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 28067159.905717943,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.7265382074315,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
    },
    {
      "rank": 18,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "DEU",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Germany",
      "value": 7934624.3697711425,
      "cagr3": -4.75669488181002,
      "cagr5": -0.9139071896653084,
      "cagr10": -1.3360884790024175,
      "share": 0.9286051644629083,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 1184,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 16594239.099798726,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 52.18446400553922,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 19,
      "exporterIso3": "GBR",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "United Kingdom",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 7838816.103626777,
      "cagr3": -2.7414472942804635,
      "cagr5": -2.959474134102913,
      "cagr10": -2.1002373529951157,
      "share": 0.9173925289815313,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 5585,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 31859705.79162299,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1998,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 75.39583022236235,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 20,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "BRA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Brazil",
      "value": 7714626.225192231,
      "cagr3": 59.991827999471155,
      "cagr5": 3.3818533543521934,
      "cagr10": -8.524567601616639,
      "share": 0.9028583359165525,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 10232,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 30714222.102711357,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2011,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 74.88256026998252,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 21,
      "exporterIso3": "CHE",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
      "importerName": "France",
      "value": 6907190.747376347,
      "cagr3": 12.930098487472975,
      "cagr5": 0.872957027620469,
      "cagr10": -2.1729081636144287,
      "share": 0.8083625261934222,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.043596585557123244,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.059204131268686865,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.019705195414795353,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.03949893585389151,
      "distanceKm": 487,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 23578504.42169718,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1998,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.70556035343667,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 22,
      "exporterIso3": "JPN",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Japan",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 6885835.698844344,
      "cagr3": -20.010383129961284,
      "cagr5": -7.7447504474180136,
      "cagr10": -3.4194734128159876,
      "share": 0.8058633016013013,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 1763,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 13454135.77092976,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 48.8199330222123,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
    },
    {
      "rank": 23,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "AUT",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Austria",
      "value": 6847438.762042961,
      "cagr3": -2.690353972286763,
      "cagr5": -12.599414832498768,
      "cagr10": -7.133771604501127,
      "share": 0.8013696303004697,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04880302040329218,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04880302040329218,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.04880302040329218,
      "distanceKm": 524,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 20100804.87131028,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 65.93450458386242,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 24,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "GBR",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "United Kingdom",
      "value": 6226515.6118303165,
      "cagr3": -22.406753947985216,
      "cagr5": -16.463601255952454,
      "cagr10": -11.469520864038563,
      "share": 0.7287017361253266,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 935,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 49651121.37950439,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2005,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 87.45946629434924,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
    },
    {
      "rank": 25,
      "exporterIso3": "NLD",
      "importerIso3": "BEL",
      "exporterName": "Netherlands",
      "importerName": "Belgium",
      "value": 6173229.160997275,
      "cagr3": 1.6229365208421997,
      "cagr5": -12.784672366621674,
      "cagr10": 4.997516247074496,
      "share": 0.722465514833242,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 174,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 12820636.486761339,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 51.84927700452481,
      "yearsWithData": 26,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    }
  ],
  "growthLeaders": [
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "DZA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Algeria",
      "value": 12148026.401,
      "cagr3": 147.08634336645753,
      "cagr5": 51.494913703662725,
      "cagr10": 24.43237118077515,
      "share": 1.4217081399564382,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.23601804822633746,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.2414155071193416,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.07626019778189304,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.16515530933744854,
      "distanceKm": 1932,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 14348373.104468409,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 15.335165091177972,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 20,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "BRA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Brazil",
      "value": 7714626.225192231,
      "cagr3": 59.991827999471155,
      "cagr5": 3.3818533543521934,
      "cagr10": -8.524567601616639,
      "share": 0.9028583359165525,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 10232,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 30714222.102711357,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2011,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 74.88256026998252,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 11024824.14370727,
      "cagr3": 54.3530164813147,
      "cagr5": 7.242154778314913,
      "cagr10": 16.82494921106541,
      "share": 1.2902575043306326,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6907,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 11024824.14370727,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "IND",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "India",
      "value": 10346386.80502832,
      "cagr3": 34.42979188029658,
      "cagr5": -3.755946536375465,
      "cagr10": 3.3985425546736447,
      "share": 1.210858608163363,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 5786,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 12529079.999913933,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 17.421017304547558,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "exporterIso3": "LVA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Latvia",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 20482743.79412028,
      "cagr3": 33.400107068752206,
      "cagr5": 16.854743603481293,
      "cagr10": 9.662136567304703,
      "share": 2.3971370014758846,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.02255160736896552,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.039979416618007656,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.013171297500229886,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.026808119117777772,
      "distanceKm": 6775,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 22382048.92806583,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 8.48584122056819,
      "yearsWithData": 19,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    }
  ],
  "accessComparison": [
    {
      "label": "FTA reported",
      "rows": [
        {
          "rank": 5,
          "exporterIso3": "CHE",
          "importerIso3": "DEU",
          "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "importerName": "Germany",
          "value": 20318924.409937613,
          "cagr3": -7.146066826814012,
          "cagr5": -3.4857069942900942,
          "cagr10": -5.833158221444457,
          "share": 2.3779648870692203,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04288606249130865,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.0587826368271605,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.019574648181838888,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.039207988645321615,
          "distanceKm": 674,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 86865511.57225132,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 76.6087552560637,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Declining"
        },
        {
          "rank": 7,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "CHE",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "value": 14981302.219756221,
          "cagr3": 10.024120375557555,
          "cagr5": 12.824204079130608,
          "cagr10": -1.304976101021238,
          "share": 1.7532921488565076,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.012842625485358024,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.021083829923006173,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": -0.021083829923006173,
          "distanceKm": 674,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 31822395.926187865,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 52.92214246059474,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 8,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "DZA",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Algeria",
          "value": 12148026.401,
          "cagr3": 147.08634336645753,
          "cagr5": 51.494913703662725,
          "cagr10": 24.43237118077515,
          "share": 1.4217081399564382,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.23601804822633746,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.2414155071193416,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.07626019778189304,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.16515530933744854,
          "distanceKm": 1932,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 14348373.104468409,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 15.335165091177972,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 9,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "ITA",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Italy",
          "value": 11689439.06202666,
          "cagr3": -8.331340988017066,
          "cagr5": 1.40697447950342,
          "cagr10": 2.349604666084537,
          "share": 1.368038734640881,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 1184,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 60130520.83421537,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 80.55989055166282,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Declining"
        },
        {
          "rank": 10,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "FRA",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "France",
          "value": 11240312.777611451,
          "cagr3": 2.5080474511807838,
          "cagr5": -2.67237978515783,
          "cagr10": -6.526356997879179,
          "share": 1.31547657570707,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 881,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 38354769.14862288,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.69383279545815,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Stable"
        },
        {
          "rank": 12,
          "exporterIso3": "CHE",
          "importerIso3": "GBR",
          "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "importerName": "United Kingdom",
          "value": 10885875.087781709,
          "cagr3": 23.729888682871646,
          "cagr5": 7.423721777530123,
          "cagr10": 8.047650431295938,
          "share": 1.273996014823796,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": null,
          "mfnTariffPct": null,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 777,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 29753321.351066213,
          "historicalPeakYear": 1996,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 63.41290789241043,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 15,
          "exporterIso3": "CAN",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Canada",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 8914122.452120557,
          "cagr3": 20.08952639502275,
          "cagr5": 24.45441885960895,
          "cagr10": 3.818550385888253,
          "share": 1.0432378093700063,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.022607953013134546,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.02283901769554344,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.023905736941426253,
          "distanceKm": 556,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 14766684.288188064,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 39.6335543027015,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 16,
          "exporterIso3": "PRT",
          "importerIso3": "DEU",
          "exporterName": "Portugal",
          "importerName": "Germany",
          "value": 8243069.183075299,
          "cagr3": -3.417799648270614,
          "cagr5": -0.8074324605450545,
          "cagr10": -2.0487859963879584,
          "share": 0.9647030858310874,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 2316,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 15121194.569616323,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 45.48665355025285,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Declining"
        },
        {
          "rank": 17,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "NLD",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Netherlands",
          "value": 8216229.331259448,
          "cagr3": -13.233453989142719,
          "cagr5": -11.376657299262739,
          "cagr10": -4.434435831194938,
          "share": 0.9615619635991933,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 579,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 28067159.905717943,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.7265382074315,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
        },
        {
          "rank": 18,
          "exporterIso3": "ITA",
          "importerIso3": "DEU",
          "exporterName": "Italy",
          "importerName": "Germany",
          "value": 7934624.3697711425,
          "cagr3": -4.75669488181002,
          "cagr5": -0.9139071896653084,
          "cagr10": -1.3360884790024175,
          "share": 0.9286051644629083,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 1184,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 16594239.099798726,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 52.18446400553922,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Declining"
        },
        {
          "rank": 21,
          "exporterIso3": "CHE",
          "importerIso3": "FRA",
          "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "importerName": "France",
          "value": 6907190.747376347,
          "cagr3": 12.930098487472975,
          "cagr5": 0.872957027620469,
          "cagr10": -2.1729081636144287,
          "share": 0.8083625261934222,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.043596585557123244,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.059204131268686865,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.019705195414795353,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.03949893585389151,
          "distanceKm": 487,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 23578504.42169718,
          "historicalPeakYear": 1998,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 70.70556035343667,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 23,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "AUT",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Austria",
          "value": 6847438.762042961,
          "cagr3": -2.690353972286763,
          "cagr5": -12.599414832498768,
          "cagr10": -7.133771604501127,
          "share": 0.8013696303004697,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04880302040329218,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04880302040329218,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.04880302040329218,
          "distanceKm": 524,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 20100804.87131028,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 65.93450458386242,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Stable"
        },
        {
          "rank": 24,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "GBR",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "United Kingdom",
          "value": 6226515.6118303165,
          "cagr3": -22.406753947985216,
          "cagr5": -16.463601255952454,
          "cagr10": -11.469520864038563,
          "share": 0.7287017361253266,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 935,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 49651121.37950439,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2005,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 87.45946629434924,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
        },
        {
          "rank": 25,
          "exporterIso3": "NLD",
          "importerIso3": "BEL",
          "exporterName": "Netherlands",
          "importerName": "Belgium",
          "value": 6173229.160997275,
          "cagr3": 1.6229365208421997,
          "cagr5": -12.784672366621674,
          "cagr10": 4.997516247074496,
          "share": 0.722465514833242,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": true,
          "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
          "distanceKm": 174,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 12820636.486761339,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 51.84927700452481,
          "yearsWithData": 26,
          "trendLabel": "Stable"
        }
      ],
      "count": 14,
      "value": 140726299.576587,
      "averageCagr": 11.143464073219928,
      "averageAppliedTariffPct": 0.03128879193665801,
      "averageTariffAdvantagePp": 0.022729781635259533
    },
    {
      "label": "No FTA reported",
      "rows": [
        {
          "rank": 1,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 42739487.23049626,
          "cagr3": 4.977031652235953,
          "cagr5": 3.5733653651017994,
          "cagr10": 0.18697469039021808,
          "share": 5.00188877496668,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 6402,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 119170849.86536762,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 64.13595499337222,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Growing"
        },
        {
          "rank": 2,
          "exporterIso3": "CHE",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 40311615.269148655,
          "cagr3": 17.456961766223223,
          "cagr5": 4.426809752443628,
          "cagr10": 5.745732733168385,
          "share": 4.717750000792157,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 6339,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 59613447.32679179,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2006,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 32.37831885788025,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 3,
          "exporterIso3": "CHN",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "China",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 21686792.888347544,
          "cagr3": -8.718761541975006,
          "cagr5": -15.267210506912576,
          "cagr10": 26.06085279262562,
          "share": 2.538049306212822,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 11883,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 49652121.73883033,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 56.322525344596826,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Declining"
        },
        {
          "rank": 4,
          "exporterIso3": "LVA",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Latvia",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 20482743.79412028,
          "cagr3": 33.400107068752206,
          "cagr5": 16.854743603481293,
          "cagr10": 9.662136567304703,
          "share": 2.3971370014758846,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.02255160736896552,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.039979416618007656,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.013171297500229886,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.026808119117777772,
          "distanceKm": 6775,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 22382048.92806583,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 8.48584122056819,
          "yearsWithData": 19,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 6,
          "exporterIso3": "JPN",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Japan",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 19840240.81056603,
          "cagr3": 14.272006940725257,
          "cagr5": 7.904945372106864,
          "cagr10": 0.7832999837070309,
          "share": 2.3219435756869697,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04673181352585858,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "preferentialTariffPct": 0.022290415014285702,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.02445433962268399,
          "distanceKm": 10872,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 63684627.48345055,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2001,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 68.84610683210508,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 11,
          "exporterIso3": "ITA",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "Italy",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 11024824.14370727,
          "cagr3": 54.3530164813147,
          "cagr5": 7.242154778314913,
          "cagr10": 16.82494921106541,
          "share": 1.2902575043306326,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 6907,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 11024824.14370727,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 13,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "CHN",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "China",
          "value": 10566500.577241417,
          "cagr3": -24.140971560033485,
          "cagr5": -11.978506588674964,
          "cagr10": -5.6550945548305975,
          "share": 1.2366189688459936,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.29912295578395065,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.29912295578395065,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 8415,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 32148240.67308333,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 67.13194764002,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
        },
        {
          "rank": 14,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "IND",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "India",
          "value": 10346386.80502832,
          "cagr3": 34.42979188029658,
          "cagr5": -3.755946536375465,
          "cagr10": 3.3985425546736447,
          "share": 1.210858608163363,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.5267321838847735,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 5786,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 12529079.999913933,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 17.421017304547558,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 19,
          "exporterIso3": "GBR",
          "importerIso3": "USA",
          "exporterName": "United Kingdom",
          "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
          "value": 7838816.103626777,
          "cagr3": -2.7414472942804635,
          "cagr5": -2.959474134102913,
          "cagr10": -2.1002373529951157,
          "share": 0.9173925289815313,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.04674475463696969,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 5585,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 31859705.79162299,
          "historicalPeakYear": 1998,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 75.39583022236235,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Stable"
        },
        {
          "rank": 20,
          "exporterIso3": "DEU",
          "importerIso3": "BRA",
          "exporterName": "Germany",
          "importerName": "Brazil",
          "value": 7714626.225192231,
          "cagr3": 59.991827999471155,
          "cagr5": 3.3818533543521934,
          "cagr10": -8.524567601616639,
          "share": 0.9028583359165525,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.2870042614485596,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 10232,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 30714222.102711357,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2011,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 74.88256026998252,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
        },
        {
          "rank": 22,
          "exporterIso3": "JPN",
          "importerIso3": "CHN",
          "exporterName": "Japan",
          "importerName": "China",
          "value": 6885835.698844344,
          "cagr3": -20.010383129961284,
          "cagr5": -7.7447504474180136,
          "cagr10": -3.4194734128159876,
          "share": 0.8058633016013013,
          "ftaKnown": true,
          "hasFta": false,
          "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
          "appliedTariffPct": 0.3018987556787879,
          "mfnTariffPct": 0.3018987556787879,
          "preferentialTariffPct": null,
          "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
          "distanceKm": 1763,
          "historicalPeakUsd": 13454135.77092976,
          "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
          "latestBelowPeakPct": 48.8199330222123,
          "yearsWithData": 30,
          "trendLabel": "Rapid decline"
        }
      ],
      "count": 11,
      "value": 199437869.54631913,
      "averageCagr": 14.842652751160802,
      "averageAppliedTariffPct": 0.1561477056050027,
      "averageTariffAdvantagePp": 0.02563122937023088
    }
  ],
  "tariffHighlights": {
    "lowestApplied": {
      "rank": 9,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Italy",
      "value": 11689439.06202666,
      "cagr3": -8.331340988017066,
      "cagr5": 1.40697447950342,
      "cagr10": 2.349604666084537,
      "share": 1.368038734640881,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 1184,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 60130520.83421537,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 80.55989055166282,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    "largestAdvantage": {
      "rank": 8,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "DZA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Algeria",
      "value": 12148026.401,
      "cagr3": 147.08634336645753,
      "cagr5": 51.494913703662725,
      "cagr10": 24.43237118077515,
      "share": 1.4217081399564382,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.23601804822633746,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.2414155071193416,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.07626019778189304,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.16515530933744854,
      "distanceKm": 1932,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 14348373.104468409,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 15.335165091177972,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    }
  },
  "cta": {
    "label": "Open HS4 8440 workspace",
    "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app?hs=8440",
    "supportingLinks": [
      {
        "label": "Read the HS4 overview",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440"
      },
      {
        "label": "Read the parent HS2 overview",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84"
      },
      {
        "label": "Review data sources",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources"
      },
      {
        "label": "Check data coverage",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage"
      },
      {
        "label": "Read the methodology",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
      },
      {
        "label": "Read Responsible AI principles",
        "href": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
      }
    ],
    "context": "Continue researching Book-binding machinery in Yugalinks."
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app?hs=8440",
    "hs4Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440",
    "hs2Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84",
    "parentHs2Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors",
    "htmlFile": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440/corridors/index.ld.json",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app?hs=8440",
    "hs4Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8440",
    "hs2Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84",
    "parentHs2Overview": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/84",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}