{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Machines (HS4 8420) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for machines at HS4 8420, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8420",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8420/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8420/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8420/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8420/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8420",
    "name": "Machines"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The machines subsector recorded $1.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.8% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1704551259.15008,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.7833162342481523,
    "activeExporters": 148,
    "activeImporters": 194,
    "activeHs6Products": 3
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 2.8580613207798367,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 3.871346854989044,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1748988481.9541986,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1390.7548618245835,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 854.1203967513402,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.285861181208565
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 731405650.5984421,
      "corridor_count": 1725,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 769116205.6352205,
      "corridor_count": 1917,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 802736847.4079368,
      "corridor_count": 1895,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 763028083.1971223,
      "corridor_count": 1871,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 636709356.1706644,
      "corridor_count": 2032,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 680556511.5084009,
      "corridor_count": 2170,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 744937210.172847,
      "corridor_count": 2229,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 752339117.1319207,
      "corridor_count": 2293,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 843088384.0028818,
      "corridor_count": 2408,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 937832214.9622146,
      "corridor_count": 2434,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1077810821.7237923,
      "corridor_count": 2670,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1039120222.3879795,
      "corridor_count": 2643,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1309578653.8848681,
      "corridor_count": 2740,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1315546608.1421247,
      "corridor_count": 2716,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1026140987.4509957,
      "corridor_count": 2812,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1285246446.476302,
      "corridor_count": 2847,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1463121453.4751558,
      "corridor_count": 2943,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1328938256.926461,
      "corridor_count": 3066,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1426814325.7110927,
      "corridor_count": 3101,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1380379399.6565392,
      "corridor_count": 3284,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1176741510.4990566,
      "corridor_count": 3158,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1265936668.3482435,
      "corridor_count": 3201,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1382133846.983657,
      "corridor_count": 3301,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1519759856.237269,
      "corridor_count": 3307,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1409714773.2568424,
      "corridor_count": 3244,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1214536399.4632773,
      "corridor_count": 3128,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1566372545.7644634,
      "corridor_count": 3225,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1748988481.9541986,
      "corridor_count": 3420,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1730465318.5078282,
      "corridor_count": 3552,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 8420,
      "global_trade_usd": 1704551259.15008,
      "corridor_count": 3533,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    }
  ],
  "corridors": [
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 1,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 123196665.5857293,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 74156293.18179226,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 64465648.81450808,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 50686967.06312444,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 29.538880509612042,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 27.429842253384006,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 17.853611970417415,
      "historical_peak_usd": 123196665.5857293,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 141.55751925360732,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 11.685268539194627,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6402,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "JPN",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 97564294.50612035,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 159347206.84170866,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 129023543.51047821,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 99415087.71322367,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -8.294659905493962,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.2513666712636446,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.72872940502056,
      "historical_peak_usd": 193092953.8962336,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 49.47288726104914,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -49.47288726104914,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.02338931051452,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1763,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Japan",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 3,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 55835582.69435411,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 56934032.97840958,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 62154809.93975268,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 57268614.74836161,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -15.110625772466834,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.036078698642841,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -1.611570788525707,
      "historical_peak_usd": 135265914.89947918,
      "historical_peak_year": 2010,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 58.72161679766297,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 6.275333671519556,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.499054983941127,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 8415,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.29912295578395065,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 4,
      "exporter_iso3": "KOR",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 50501108.271187656,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 100930999.83372636,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 90550703.27698074,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 74156905.49077801,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -16.476667047413386,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -3.832682565448431,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.4737467107679887,
      "historical_peak_usd": 178249289.62760115,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 71.66826954727578,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -31.794524802924606,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -19.950413758181377,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 867,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.29886233885252517,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.11092976862020201,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.19096898705858587,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Republic of Korea",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 48430523.54505524,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 50797892.60344956,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 44256567.67549226,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 39945766.32030489,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 8.98008255255711,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.9859523863272184,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.4213528331713512,
      "historical_peak_usd": 52766012.2027618,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 8.21644175240447,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -8.216441752404469,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 8.55872971938576,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6907,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 6,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 41328869.13856855,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 33965044.89756241,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 34118904.7515746,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 30201601.823459458,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 3.5214624958802787,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.187667089927444,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.61544931016138,
      "historical_peak_usd": 41328869.13856855,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 67.75724599499569,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.0939868142811013,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 11883,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "TWN",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 33902018.03546811,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 50583180.05935237,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 50435544.129609734,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 49441068.894664645,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -17.832334244433323,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -11.083577071675954,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -4.544823681456189,
      "historical_peak_usd": 73531221.51800326,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 53.894390252761404,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -23.499891557599916,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.287510562977133,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 688,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": null,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": null,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Taiwan",
      "importer_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 8,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "VNM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 27447924.695363212,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24611659.026670206,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 21125570.384511963,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 16115600.873734549,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 20.871357291360138,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.644347161590597,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 13.89040082384183,
      "historical_peak_usd": 28407976.288246483,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.379514201018543,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -3.379514201018541,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 6.980956467518308,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2732,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.1527572807164251,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.15905857597826087,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02103543936987923,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13802313660838164,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "CZE",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 26085782.524996035,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 9044470.091541836,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 5495804.217461413,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 3322406.5503707444,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 432.2619697865043,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 75.4042785367814,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 37.13161851955022,
      "historical_peak_usd": 26085782.524996035,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 3932.490233796041,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 395.1303512669541,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6588,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.022484134462698417,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.039471139449603176,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.013413140351984126,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.02605799909761905,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Czechia",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 8420,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 24136244.21155438,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 18901256.00982626,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 19355950.008787308,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 23923002.46764394,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 10.113132668632563,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -6.055617457399554,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -11.212376860327755,
      "historical_peak_usd": 79276668.52999389,
      "historical_peak_year": 2014,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 69.55441662836455,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 117.57365001171749,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 21.325509528960318,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 9138,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "China"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 360877721.7110022,
      "imports_usd": 103805833.8686693,
      "trade_balance_usd": 257071887.84233287,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 307553362.284503,
      "imports_usd": 299556765.0605324,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7996597.223970592,
      "export_partner_count": 174,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 265613774.94047567,
      "imports_usd": 38793240.843792364,
      "trade_balance_usd": 226820534.09668332,
      "export_partner_count": 139,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 139768355.21132967,
      "imports_usd": 25486724.073447578,
      "trade_balance_usd": 114281631.13788208,
      "export_partner_count": 74,
      "import_partner_count": 33,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 100302584.38361882,
      "imports_usd": 30883259.510201305,
      "trade_balance_usd": 69419324.87341751,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
      "import_partner_count": 27,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TWN",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 65688906.1256508,
      "imports_usd": 21272162.465077177,
      "trade_balance_usd": 44416743.660573624,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
      "import_partner_count": 25,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Taiwan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHE",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 63132443.06057824,
      "imports_usd": 27752567.885364503,
      "trade_balance_usd": 35379875.17521374,
      "export_partner_count": 85,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 62785366.30725781,
      "imports_usd": 330399368.2061446,
      "trade_balance_usd": -267614001.89888677,
      "export_partner_count": 129,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 42147911.05365337,
      "imports_usd": 22174806.778590664,
      "trade_balance_usd": 19973104.275062703,
      "export_partner_count": 105,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 37193321.70543356,
      "imports_usd": 33193138.160700373,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4000183.544733189,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Austria"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 62785366.30725781,
      "imports_usd": 330399368.2061446,
      "trade_balance_usd": -267614001.89888677,
      "export_partner_count": 129,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 307553362.284503,
      "imports_usd": 299556765.0605324,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7996597.223970592,
      "export_partner_count": 174,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 360877721.7110022,
      "imports_usd": 103805833.8686693,
      "trade_balance_usd": 257071887.84233287,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 3912595.6433436684,
      "imports_usd": 55201436.192245066,
      "trade_balance_usd": -51288840.548901394,
      "export_partner_count": 25,
      "import_partner_count": 23,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IND",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 13463419.749938708,
      "imports_usd": 48817491.772935405,
      "trade_balance_usd": -35354072.022996694,
      "export_partner_count": 104,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 3769205.682288409,
      "imports_usd": 42924543.053833574,
      "trade_balance_usd": -39155337.371545166,
      "export_partner_count": 41,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 265613774.94047567,
      "imports_usd": 38793240.843792364,
      "trade_balance_usd": 226820534.09668332,
      "export_partner_count": 139,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 18101327.04576574,
      "imports_usd": 34561595.09244107,
      "trade_balance_usd": -16460268.046675328,
      "export_partner_count": 106,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "RUS",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 1773460.0951731014,
      "imports_usd": 33362277.985638045,
      "trade_balance_usd": -31588817.890464943,
      "export_partner_count": 15,
      "import_partner_count": 26,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Russia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
      "hs4": 8420,
      "exports_usd": 37193321.70543356,
      "imports_usd": 33193138.160700373,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4000183.544733189,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Austria"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "842010",
      "product_name": "Machines: calendering or other rolling machines, for other than metal or glass"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "842091",
      "product_name": "Machines: parts, cylinders for calendering or other rolling machines, for other than metal or glass"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "842099",
      "product_name": "Machines: parts, (other than cylinders), for calendering or other rolling machines, for other than metal or glass"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}