{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Electrodes (HS4 8311) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for electrodes at HS4 8311, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8311",
  "publisher": {
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8311/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8311/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8311/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/8311/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "8311",
    "name": "Electrodes"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The electrodes subsector recorded $3.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.5% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 3739813326.6261277,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.4726969143895874,
    "activeExporters": 172,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 4
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 3.7780537822810656,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 3.6140173405324827,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 3808077936.1775465,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 68.96551724137932,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1138.565277013357,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 332.1812519566631,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3883482272574505
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1110013349.0194814,
      "corridor_count": 3338,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1161181826.3884535,
      "corridor_count": 3418,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 8311,
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      "corridor_count": 3412,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1169963253.2587194,
      "corridor_count": 3570,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1149019518.3892787,
      "corridor_count": 3722,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 8311,
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      "corridor_count": 4325,
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    },
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      "year": 2001,
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      "corridor_count": 4390,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1240442609.467689,
      "corridor_count": 4495,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 1473472843.3039653,
      "corridor_count": 4564,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 2004,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1833372555.9512,
      "corridor_count": 4759,
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    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 8311,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "global_trade_usd": 3147059478.938626,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 2008,
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    },
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      "year": 2009,
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      "corridor_count": 5261,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 8311,
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      "corridor_count": 5336,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 8311,
      "global_trade_usd": 3721660178.693559,
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    },
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      "year": 2012,
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      "corridor_count": 5670,
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      "year": 2013,
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      "year": 2014,
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    },
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      "year": 2015,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -132452637.47430176,
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      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "country_name": "United Arab Emirates"
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "831110",
      "product_name": "Electrodes: coated, of base metal, for electric arc-welding"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "831120",
      "product_name": "Wire: cored, of base metal, for electric arc-welding"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "831130",
      "product_name": "Rods and wire: coated rods and cored wire, of base metal, for soldering, brazing or welding by flame"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "831190",
      "product_name": "Tubes, plates and similar products: of agglomerated base metal powder, other, including parts"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}