{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Copper (HS4 7412) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for copper at HS4 7412, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412",
  "publisher": {
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412/index.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "7412",
    "name": "Copper"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The copper subsector recorded $6.1B in reported global trade in 2024, with +5.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 6144969899.250351,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 5.656241363515379,
    "activeExporters": 166,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.160701785210827,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 4.79285517601844,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 6364009224.240504,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 75.86206896551724,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1210.2408899056572,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 760.0197744013931,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5238577445381029
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 907393292.853337,
      "corridor_count": 2129,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 950018575.4400067,
      "corridor_count": 2241,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 975640638.9151064,
      "corridor_count": 2273,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1050841467.8042268,
      "corridor_count": 2399,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1104593238.5513678,
      "corridor_count": 2540,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1138801935.8435872,
      "corridor_count": 3075,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1136546973.8828318,
      "corridor_count": 3216,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1232124130.98581,
      "corridor_count": 3337,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 1534101184.7826936,
      "corridor_count": 3527,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 2051156103.0716405,
      "corridor_count": 3665,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 2354295438.2986326,
      "corridor_count": 3833,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 3342845838.6278224,
      "corridor_count": 4066,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 3941867042.1571608,
      "corridor_count": 4240,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 7412,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 2948182582.8490877,
      "corridor_count": 4486,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 3630003760.4807725,
      "corridor_count": 4495,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 4223650958.792491,
      "corridor_count": 4739,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 4018443317.57776,
      "corridor_count": 4920,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 4130992561.385416,
      "corridor_count": 4973,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 7412,
      "global_trade_usd": 4381721444.817925,
      "corridor_count": 5241,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 7412,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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    {
      "year": 2017,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4356039750.137223,
      "corridor_count": 5545,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "corridor_count": 5798,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4664616637.717077,
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      "year": 2021,
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "741210",
      "product_name": "Copper: tube or pipe fittings (e.g. couplings, elbows, sleeves) of refined copper"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "741220",
      "product_name": "Copper: tube or pipe fittings (e.g. couplings, elbows, sleeves) of copper alloys"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}