{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:47.568Z",
  "title": "HS4 7412 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 7412 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 7412",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7412/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "7412",
  "parentHs2": "74",
  "subsectorName": "Copper",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "7412",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 6144969899.250351,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 6128245533.326846,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 5882672492.387624,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 5145548103.452936,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": -1.160701785210827,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": 4.79285517601844,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": 3.439758868523768,
    "historical_peak_usd": 6364009224.240504,
    "historical_peak_year": 2021,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.4418448696748074,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 5.656241363515379,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -4.600460653734595,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1210.2408899056572,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 760.0197744013931,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.5238577445381029,
    "active_corridor_count": 6245,
    "active_exporter_count": 166,
    "active_importer_count": 198,
    "active_hs6_count": 2,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 6144969899.250351,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 2364820089.467916,
    "topFiveSharePct": 13.263109094657732,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "value": 195012594.30677563,
      "cagr3": 7.449546682058195,
      "cagr5": 0.13653213274418263,
      "cagr10": 7.454146089067648,
      "share": 3.173532132851716,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6402,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 195012594.30677563,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.160701785210827,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 4.79285517601844,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": 3.439758868523768,
    "latestYoyPct": 5.656241363515379,
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 6364009224.240504,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 3.4418448696748074,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1210.2408899056572,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 760.0197744013931,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5238577445381029,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Germany to USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands leads the reported HS4 7412 routes with $195.0M in 2024 and +7.4% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $6.1B in latest reported trade, with -1.2% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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      "cagr3": 7.449546682058195,
      "cagr5": 0.13653213274418263,
      "cagr10": 7.454146089067648,
      "share": 3.173532132851716,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.04660416541625514,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 6402,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 195012594.30677563,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "DEU",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Germany",
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      "cagr3": -4.715715847529478,
      "cagr5": 2.636288160730227,
      "cagr10": 1.956832529333541,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 210034661.6522066,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 15.25927378453643,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
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      "exporterName": "China",
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
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    },
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.1311842474462,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 173211594.54219955,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 4.5963392098740785,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "exporterIso3": "KOR",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "Republic of Korea",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
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      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "France",
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 102073945.17912734,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
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      "rank": 7,
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      "importerIso3": "AUT",
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      "importerName": "Austria",
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "exporterIso3": "POL",
      "importerIso3": "DEU",
      "exporterName": "Poland",
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    },
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      "importerName": "United Kingdom",
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 95956841.11863244,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
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      "rank": 10,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
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      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Russia",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "AUS",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Australia",
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      "distanceKm": 8024,
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 12,
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      "importerIso3": "NLD",
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      "importerName": "Netherlands",
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    },
    {
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      "exporterName": "Mexico",
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    },
    {
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      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "USA",
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      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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      "appliedTariffPct": 0.0467447546369697,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 79498562.41747054,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "JPN",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Japan",
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      "mfnTariffPct": 0.04060224438230303,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.02411875489129495,
      "distanceKm": 1763,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 107970867.68075706,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2011,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 28.472390962935982,
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "ESP",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Spain",
      "value": 72445723.47413602,
      "cagr3": -5.404010874330023,
      "cagr5": 6.525769476173204,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.019785718721303032,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "France",
      "value": 69561978.15781224,
      "cagr3": -6.73037992433565,
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      "cagr10": 1.976650050389206,
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