{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Chain (HS4 7315) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for chain at HS4 7315, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7315",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7315/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7315/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7315/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7315/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "7315",
    "name": "Chain"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The chain subsector recorded $5.8B in reported global trade in 2024, with -3.4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 5768823791.130508,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -3.3889173498137377,
    "activeExporters": 183,
    "activeImporters": 199,
    "activeHs6Products": 8
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 0.044099748514736525,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.244507205457169,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 6396043493.857767,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2179.547992965229,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 426.1728134698547,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.418669864334006
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1750985929.7637913,
      "corridor_count": 3466,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1764144263.97699,
      "corridor_count": 3540,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1740877285.4715517,
      "corridor_count": 3581,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1673935734.8855205,
      "corridor_count": 3648,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1730828597.6936285,
      "corridor_count": 3951,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1740188755.4879827,
      "corridor_count": 4561,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1651547008.5049381,
      "corridor_count": 4729,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1710129986.680445,
      "corridor_count": 4840,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 1997957622.173553,
      "corridor_count": 4990,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 2480945195.5997763,
      "corridor_count": 5175,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 2825571915.1185575,
      "corridor_count": 5240,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 3243647325.326173,
      "corridor_count": 5560,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 3752357836.243339,
      "corridor_count": 5747,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4394122576.909169,
      "corridor_count": 5866,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 3445662525.3120084,
      "corridor_count": 5885,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4078272958.6064086,
      "corridor_count": 6129,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4977962660.2493105,
      "corridor_count": 6226,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5173054665.680033,
      "corridor_count": 6383,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5072348331.168116,
      "corridor_count": 6504,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5353417005.626485,
      "corridor_count": 6654,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4981363170.197653,
      "corridor_count": 6602,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4498930714.547598,
      "corridor_count": 6777,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4758714993.902611,
      "corridor_count": 6810,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5266521634.80426,
      "corridor_count": 7015,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5162824273.413634,
      "corridor_count": 6943,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 4702038840.04251,
      "corridor_count": 6783,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5761198407.31667,
      "corridor_count": 6999,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
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      "global_trade_usd": 6396043493.857767,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 6029861043.208578,
      "corridor_count": 7253,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 7315,
      "global_trade_usd": 5768823791.130508,
      "corridor_count": 7130,
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    }
  ],
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      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 220256954.45706636,
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      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.7005111864666125,
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      "trend_label": "Stable",
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      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 11883,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
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      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
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      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 117081170.28071499,
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      "exporter_name": "China",
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      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "RUS",
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      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 69721721.27109759,
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      "distance_km": 6831,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Russia"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 7315,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 79405584.66937554,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 75797521.61638236,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 68915317.9734852,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 58426480.339465596,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 5.087997655837517,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 9.41654951734292,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.262970024817926,
      "historical_peak_usd": 85016620.32646796,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 6.599927914736874,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 26.0999378983376,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -0.17497236898040835,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 4425,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.16605990710525254,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.17946165427272728,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.059352995124909096,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
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      "hs4": 7315,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
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      "latest_data_year": 2024,
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      "exports_latest_usd": 78739427.9535158,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 78896564.78405444,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 82247696.8543429,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 76049513.52660279,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -3.5643978320865743,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -1.9478715898162746,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -1.0920640551026373,
      "historical_peak_usd": 100460990.86564238,
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      "latest_below_peak_pct": 21.621887983543026,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -2.0786440392025596,
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      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
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      "distance_km": 8415,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "China"
    }
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      "trade_balance_usd": 211900825.07358375,
      "export_partner_count": 158,
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      "export_partner_count": 165,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 145707639.99452215,
      "export_partner_count": 163,
      "import_partner_count": 65,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 182191594.98603544,
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      "export_partner_count": 169,
      "import_partner_count": 82,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
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      "imports_usd": 163198369.51575074,
      "trade_balance_usd": -38112563.70160912,
      "export_partner_count": 150,
      "import_partner_count": 80,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CZE",
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      "imports_usd": 55206504.00103388,
      "trade_balance_usd": 56385537.66886594,
      "export_partner_count": 119,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Czechia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
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      "exports_usd": 108143466.37749895,
      "imports_usd": 90540976.60578813,
      "trade_balance_usd": 17602489.771710828,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Austria"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 7315,
      "exports_usd": 99129307.4024385,
      "imports_usd": 100946811.56747158,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1817504.1650330722,
      "export_partner_count": 130,
      "import_partner_count": 75,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
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      "imports_usd": 696311512.9396936,
      "trade_balance_usd": -339362315.09442055,
      "export_partner_count": 165,
      "import_partner_count": 84,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "trade_balance_usd": 526822041.5149399,
      "export_partner_count": 171,
      "import_partner_count": 86,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
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      "imports_usd": 270975841.7846086,
      "trade_balance_usd": -216879576.78606385,
      "export_partner_count": 91,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 7315,
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      "imports_usd": 231926148.57810697,
      "trade_balance_usd": 211900825.07358375,
      "export_partner_count": 158,
      "import_partner_count": 52,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "exports_usd": 2019757700.7996936,
      "imports_usd": 196356475.9687876,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1823401224.830906,
      "export_partner_count": 197,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
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      "imports_usd": 195797250.6478386,
      "trade_balance_usd": -151530981.65406322,
      "export_partner_count": 132,
      "import_partner_count": 79,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 7315,
      "exports_usd": 145508566.85924178,
      "imports_usd": 182191594.98603544,
      "trade_balance_usd": -36683028.12679365,
      "export_partner_count": 169,
      "import_partner_count": 82,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 7315,
      "exports_usd": 125085805.81414162,
      "imports_usd": 163198369.51575074,
      "trade_balance_usd": -38112563.70160912,
      "export_partner_count": 150,
      "import_partner_count": 80,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BRA",
      "hs4": 7315,
      "exports_usd": 25976231.036154326,
      "imports_usd": 161344441.4021504,
      "trade_balance_usd": -135368210.36599606,
      "export_partner_count": 114,
      "import_partner_count": 61,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Brazil"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 7315,
      "exports_usd": 303937144.8817081,
      "imports_usd": 158229504.88718593,
      "trade_balance_usd": 145707639.99452215,
      "export_partner_count": 163,
      "import_partner_count": 65,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "731511",
      "product_name": "Chain: articulated link, roller, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731512",
      "product_name": "Chain: articulated link, (other than roller), of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731519",
      "product_name": "Chain: articulated link parts, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731520",
      "product_name": "Chain: skid, articulated link chain and parts thereof, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731581",
      "product_name": "Chain: stud-link chain, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731582",
      "product_name": "Chain: welded link chain, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731589",
      "product_name": "Chain: n.e.c. in heading no. 7315, of iron or steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731590",
      "product_name": "Chain: parts n.e.c. in heading no. 7315, of iron or steel"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}