{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Iron or steel (HS4 7312) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for iron or steel at HS4 7312, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7312",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7312/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7312/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7312/index.json",
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  "internalLinks": {
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    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "7312",
    "name": "Iron or steel"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The iron or steel subsector recorded $7.9B in reported global trade in 2024, with +4.1% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 7885775636.81628,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 4.118754650339673,
    "activeExporters": 185,
    "activeImporters": 199,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 0.7452913300136643,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.708420428212599,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 9108518957.608797,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1082.4529746646042,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 296.372787156115,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.4314366583811415
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2033212007.8740046,
      "corridor_count": 3480,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2017629203.8927448,
      "corridor_count": 3592,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 1992120441.8431592,
      "corridor_count": 3708,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2015343107.238327,
      "corridor_count": 3778,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2176732411.2965326,
      "corridor_count": 4016,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2261346730.759362,
      "corridor_count": 4850,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2248361590.67449,
      "corridor_count": 4906,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2327533399.6305385,
      "corridor_count": 5054,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 2728845546.1315875,
      "corridor_count": 5177,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 3531167055.3439326,
      "corridor_count": 5357,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 4648428487.581252,
      "corridor_count": 5775,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 5524754134.434205,
      "corridor_count": 5915,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 7312,
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      "corridor_count": 6127,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 5256458067.056529,
      "corridor_count": 6232,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 5933984219.29966,
      "corridor_count": 6264,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 7027428731.08165,
      "corridor_count": 6440,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 6963516596.110705,
      "corridor_count": 6716,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 6850285290.469711,
      "corridor_count": 6722,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 6937736362.738963,
      "corridor_count": 7021,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 6095616960.171284,
      "corridor_count": 7006,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2016,
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      "corridor_count": 7030,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 7312,
      "global_trade_usd": 6076239459.078047,
      "corridor_count": 7019,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 7312,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "corridor_count": 7256,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5880840461.236329,
      "corridor_count": 6899,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "export_partner_count": 197,
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      "year": 2024,
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "731210",
      "product_name": "Iron or steel: stranded wire, ropes and cables, not electrically insulated"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "731290",
      "product_name": "Iron or steel: plaited bands, slings and the like, not electrically insulated"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}