{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Steel, alloy (HS4 7228) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for steel, alloy at HS4 7228, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7228",
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
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  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7228/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7228/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/7228/index.json",
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  "internalLinks": {
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    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "7228",
    "name": "Steel, alloy"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The steel, alloy subsector recorded $11.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with -11.6% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 11748574587.986383,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -11.60573675858705,
    "activeExporters": 145,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 8
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  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -6.1973740220074625,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -1.4905311737041793,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 18416711683.488377,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 58.62068965517241,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1160.4001643095062,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 492.4749032665847,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5136672415667828
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3656026132.3728347,
      "corridor_count": 2372,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3681838992.200722,
      "corridor_count": 2409,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3597511567.3134403,
      "corridor_count": 2375,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3913666144.825094,
      "corridor_count": 2404,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3072926077.707701,
      "corridor_count": 2613,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3302003828.767315,
      "corridor_count": 2899,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3399903378.962562,
      "corridor_count": 2923,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3192435767.363418,
      "corridor_count": 3020,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 3995588207.1185403,
      "corridor_count": 3073,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 5895432547.376257,
      "corridor_count": 3210,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 8244024390.674079,
      "corridor_count": 3387,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2006,
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      "global_trade_usd": 8783744524.514004,
      "corridor_count": 3452,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 12461593656.021315,
      "corridor_count": 3626,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
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      "global_trade_usd": 16880287928.334026,
      "corridor_count": 3677,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 6419366412.354993,
      "corridor_count": 3642,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 10537743666.31434,
      "corridor_count": 3676,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 15973207921.345629,
      "corridor_count": 3792,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 15216191748.08046,
      "corridor_count": 3914,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 15036419267.93603,
      "corridor_count": 3939,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 18416711683.488377,
      "corridor_count": 3986,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 16900274934.123009,
      "corridor_count": 3976,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 15273546731.042297,
      "corridor_count": 3908,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 13545742545.076948,
      "corridor_count": 3957,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 15699244188.71263,
      "corridor_count": 3995,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 12664711230.998516,
      "corridor_count": 3942,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 7228,
      "global_trade_usd": 9677520249.765808,
      "corridor_count": 3780,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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    },
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      "importer_name": "Chile"
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      "trend_label": "Stable",
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      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 3260,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
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      "exporter_name": "Canada",
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      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.0403353826075592,
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      "distance_km": 524,
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      "exporter_name": "Austria",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 340561667.53660464,
      "export_partner_count": 94,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Sweden"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 261793620.86520022,
      "trade_balance_usd": 218076984.41475272,
      "export_partner_count": 105,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Spain"
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      "imports_usd": 247214587.4974107,
      "trade_balance_usd": 177969341.54449886,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
      "import_partner_count": 43,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Austria"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
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      "imports_usd": 451409649.0506192,
      "trade_balance_usd": -74693984.78409678,
      "export_partner_count": 74,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
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      "trade_balance_usd": -60111042.38955599,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Canada"
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  "importers": [
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      "imports_usd": 1206767236.8297982,
      "trade_balance_usd": 177985889.55367208,
      "export_partner_count": 118,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 902523188.7823867,
      "trade_balance_usd": -864973880.7964196,
      "export_partner_count": 36,
      "import_partner_count": 41,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": 66331617.55023122,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
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      "imports_usd": 528001309.06547546,
      "trade_balance_usd": 275678752.5881512,
      "export_partner_count": 115,
      "import_partner_count": 48,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Italy"
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    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 523759050.69742686,
      "trade_balance_usd": -236053527.4728536,
      "export_partner_count": 96,
      "import_partner_count": 55,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "trade_balance_usd": 2160819875.8171277,
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      "import_partner_count": 48,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
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      "imports_usd": 451409649.0506192,
      "trade_balance_usd": -74693984.78409678,
      "export_partner_count": 74,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs4": 7228,
      "exports_usd": 354716098.6598997,
      "imports_usd": 414827141.0494557,
      "trade_balance_usd": -60111042.38955599,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
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      "exports_usd": 1004278.3108178183,
      "imports_usd": 375392153.11530393,
      "trade_balance_usd": -374387874.8044861,
      "export_partner_count": 29,
      "import_partner_count": 38,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IND",
      "hs4": 7228,
      "exports_usd": 139106439.90200794,
      "imports_usd": 350297877.0982833,
      "trade_balance_usd": -211191437.19627535,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 8,
      "country_name": "India"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "722810",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods, of high speed steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722820",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods, of silico-manganese steel"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722830",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722840",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods, forged"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722850",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods, cold-formed or cold-finished"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722860",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: bars and rods n.e.s. in heading no. 7228"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722870",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy: angles, shapes and sections"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "722880",
      "product_name": "Steel, alloy or non-alloy: hollow drill bars and rods"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}