{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Printed matter (HS4 4903) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for printed matter at HS4 4903, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4903",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4903/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4903/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4903/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4903/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4903",
    "name": "Printed matter"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The printed matter subsector recorded $1.5B in reported global trade in 2024, with +4.3% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1497033624.5806396,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 4.272719873223818,
    "activeExporters": 161,
    "activeImporters": 193,
    "activeHs6Products": 1
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -3.57619501334554,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.7197901137516967,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1669854992.7611809,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 65.51724137931035,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 4778.691570444412,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1360.2152798426705,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.4631236041459296
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 376708372.7760664,
      "corridor_count": 1722,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 355296085.07432467,
      "corridor_count": 1837,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 380200871.7324819,
      "corridor_count": 1897,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 363193394.05090547,
      "corridor_count": 1850,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 433593146.32681894,
      "corridor_count": 1977,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 417102925.07400477,
      "corridor_count": 2227,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 446197326.1809971,
      "corridor_count": 2265,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 484648627.1189857,
      "corridor_count": 2339,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 479780173.4004837,
      "corridor_count": 2357,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 495252452.96309835,
      "corridor_count": 2461,
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      "year": 2005,
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      "corridor_count": 2623,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4903,
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      "corridor_count": 2872,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "corridor_count": 2887,
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    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 2946,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 800673319.1455803,
      "corridor_count": 2993,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 941256946.5340279,
      "corridor_count": 3074,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 1059755301.0164268,
      "corridor_count": 3071,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4903,
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      "corridor_count": 3046,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 1145797065.2893662,
      "corridor_count": 3109,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 1128703287.3167322,
      "corridor_count": 3205,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1037831169.6474633,
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      "year": 2016,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4903,
      "global_trade_usd": 1044658438.7965251,
      "corridor_count": 3467,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4903,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4903,
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      "corridor_count": 3459,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1390204917.582377,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
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      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "distance_km": 8024,
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      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.059638680392282845,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.07872936858989898,
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      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Australia"
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      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
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      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Republic of Korea"
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    },
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      "imports_usd": 14314833.496318614,
      "trade_balance_usd": 12089299.705888743,
      "export_partner_count": 58,
      "import_partner_count": 57,
      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Czechia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
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      "exports_usd": 22306640.00083779,
      "imports_usd": 25449139.464380026,
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      "export_partner_count": 103,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
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    },
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      "imports_usd": 73273582.3592503,
      "trade_balance_usd": -60823979.05919154,
      "export_partner_count": 119,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 58220884.50224835,
      "trade_balance_usd": -44920801.13493874,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
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      "imports_usd": 51203926.791432194,
      "trade_balance_usd": -30676667.121621903,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
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    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": 6878670.007757068,
      "export_partner_count": 81,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUS",
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      "exports_usd": 1447984.2901559297,
      "imports_usd": 33869908.494398944,
      "trade_balance_usd": -32421924.204243015,
      "export_partner_count": 63,
      "import_partner_count": 40,
      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Australia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
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      "exports_usd": 552586.4375697594,
      "imports_usd": 32104878.238819536,
      "trade_balance_usd": -31552291.801249776,
      "export_partner_count": 65,
      "import_partner_count": 28,
      "active_hs6_count": 1,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "490300",
      "product_name": "Printed matter: children\\'s picture, drawing or colouring books"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}