{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Leather articles (HS4 4205) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for leather articles at HS4 4205, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4205",
  "publisher": {
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4205/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4205/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4205/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4205/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4205",
    "name": "Leather articles"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The leather articles subsector recorded $2.2B in reported global trade in 2024, with -9.8% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 2196445091.3494,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -9.787964707759855,
    "activeExporters": 157,
    "activeImporters": 196,
    "activeHs6Products": 1
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -7.873421542322257,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -5.473617993271873,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 3187571144.369273,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2018,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 68.96551724137932,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 667.097558913675,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 476.92400354424876,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.397860353443345
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 587540217.4824291,
      "corridor_count": 2860,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 624605141.0675375,
      "corridor_count": 2957,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 671581933.9173186,
      "corridor_count": 2991,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 738407897.2499369,
      "corridor_count": 3052,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 872996938.9876835,
      "corridor_count": 3205,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1120030211.915812,
      "corridor_count": 3848,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1072431511.2855814,
      "corridor_count": 3993,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1252328635.3262527,
      "corridor_count": 4137,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1556837575.3556583,
      "corridor_count": 4297,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2013296290.4542735,
      "corridor_count": 4488,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4205,
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      "corridor_count": 4587,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4205,
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      "corridor_count": 4665,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "global_trade_usd": 2216619078.4609656,
      "corridor_count": 4762,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4205,
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      "corridor_count": 4838,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1577252742.9085062,
      "corridor_count": 4690,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 1902800603.505735,
      "corridor_count": 4802,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
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      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2195647169.028097,
      "corridor_count": 4985,
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    },
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      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2233681103.2478485,
      "corridor_count": 5041,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2443440876.272441,
      "corridor_count": 5024,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2843515811.941566,
      "corridor_count": 5198,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2940913235.178327,
      "corridor_count": 5028,
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      "year": 2016,
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      "corridor_count": 5165,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
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    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4205,
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      "corridor_count": 5248,
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    },
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      "year": 2018,
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      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4205,
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      "corridor_count": 5304,
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    },
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      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4205,
      "global_trade_usd": 2270158309.631396,
      "corridor_count": 5025,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
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      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "420500",
      "product_name": "Leather articles: n.e.c. in chapter 42, of leather or composition leather"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}