{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Leather (HS4 4115) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for leather at HS4 4115, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4115",
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4115/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4115/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4115/index.json",
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  "internalLinks": {
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    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4115",
    "name": "Leather"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The leather subsector recorded $271.4M in reported global trade in 2024, with -8.6% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 271408961.42271066,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -8.622451572262845,
    "activeExporters": 119,
    "activeImporters": 164,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 1.1493920565540439,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -2.2537873692755728,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 446547856.91130525,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 51.724137931034484,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1178.993073057069,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 979.2001238860164,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.16640861250071246
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 304447733.6282617,
      "corridor_count": 1533,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 306140946.83341056,
      "corridor_count": 1538,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 291178851.61483496,
      "corridor_count": 1603,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 278151294.1233893,
      "corridor_count": 1535,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 317388832.7832262,
      "corridor_count": 1575,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 352904119.34449935,
      "corridor_count": 1743,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 366964906.7392503,
      "corridor_count": 1827,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 352864358.54349685,
      "corridor_count": 1778,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 353276213.86482173,
      "corridor_count": 1623,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 362494994.9283048,
      "corridor_count": 1718,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 385948571.89021355,
      "corridor_count": 1654,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 407736696.6359456,
      "corridor_count": 1696,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 366872451.35719705,
      "corridor_count": 1785,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 337419284.62929565,
      "corridor_count": 1740,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 278092976.80148065,
      "corridor_count": 1723,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 305832360.1488578,
      "corridor_count": 1753,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 328209333.35293484,
      "corridor_count": 1776,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 388016756.05189216,
      "corridor_count": 1814,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 441341647.51656175,
      "corridor_count": 1775,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 446547856.91130525,
      "corridor_count": 1889,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 388060473.75772464,
      "corridor_count": 1864,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 322463239.32974887,
      "corridor_count": 1880,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 285376787.48235416,
      "corridor_count": 1839,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 288798532.3005726,
      "corridor_count": 1893,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 304175681.0852721,
      "corridor_count": 1781,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4115,
      "global_trade_usd": 226321804.4253614,
      "corridor_count": 1636,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
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    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 4115,
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      "corridor_count": 1717,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
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      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2990,
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      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.19062437510828284,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.19392619136161618,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0008840433671111111,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Japan",
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      "distance_km": 1184,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "Italy"
    }
  ],
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      "trade_balance_usd": 18259978.871332876,
      "export_partner_count": 82,
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      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Romania"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 4538483.008054472,
      "export_partner_count": 65,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Spain"
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    {
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      "trade_balance_usd": 6504007.707096787,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 3107022.3543045884,
      "export_partner_count": 28,
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      "country_name": "Cambodia"
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      "country_name": "Philippines"
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      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
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      "export_partner_count": 118,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "China"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 9606956.069381656,
      "trade_balance_usd": -9500870.720288849,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "United Arab Emirates"
    },
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      "export_partner_count": 100,
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    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "exports_usd": 1493937.4581551692,
      "imports_usd": 5841732.3628372075,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4347794.904682038,
      "export_partner_count": 53,
      "import_partner_count": 31,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "hs4": 4115,
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      "imports_usd": 5830063.328906529,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1132877.572500539,
      "export_partner_count": 70,
      "import_partner_count": 27,
      "active_hs6_count": 2,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "411510",
      "product_name": "Leather: composition leather with a basis of leather or leather fibre, in slabs, sheets or strip, whether or not in rolls"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "411520",
      "product_name": "Leather: parings and other waste, of leather or composition leather: not suitable for the manufacture of leather articles: leather dust, powder and flour"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}