{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:26.875Z",
  "title": "HS4 4113 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 4113 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4113/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 4113",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4113"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4113/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "4113",
  "parentHs2": "41",
  "subsectorName": "Leather",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "4113",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 676058873.6930782,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 740870493.7784204,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 724173391.0742385,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 980526113.1477668,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": -2.7858484008773443,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": -7.562531517674942,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": -9.416068059390437,
    "historical_peak_usd": 1999815008.562607,
    "historical_peak_year": 2010,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 66.1939293985495,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -8.945167715963342,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 6.630219658513092,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1697.19660108602,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 1435.6336699032913,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.3601919006513071,
    "active_corridor_count": 1758,
    "active_exporter_count": 115,
    "active_importer_count": 152,
    "active_hs6_count": 4,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 676058873.6930782,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 333287450.9258342,
    "topFiveSharePct": 23.591304238325662,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "France",
      "value": 55694781.52845813,
      "cagr3": -2.8764931787520043,
      "cagr5": 4.231580879309771,
      "cagr10": 4.309049927882191,
      "share": 8.23815553580661,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 1106,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 79065175.17423153,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 29.55839102901291,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -2.7858484008773443,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -7.562531517674942,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": -9.416068059390437,
    "latestYoyPct": -8.945167715963342,
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1999815008.562607,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2010,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 66.1939293985495,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1697.19660108602,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1435.6336699032913,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3601919006513071,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Italy to France leads the reported HS4 4113 routes with $55.7M in 2024 and -2.9% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $676.1M in latest reported trade, with -2.8% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "France",
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      "cagr3": -2.8764931787520043,
      "cagr5": 4.231580879309771,
      "cagr10": 4.309049927882191,
      "share": 8.23815553580661,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
      "distanceKm": 1106,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 79065175.17423153,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 29.55839102901291,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "VNM",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Viet Nam",
      "value": 36572109.61240074,
      "cagr3": 10.524845202349464,
      "cagr5": 6.334939299348208,
      "cagr10": 18.650721910204737,
      "share": 5.4096042571884055,
      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.02103543936987923,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.13802313660838164,
      "distanceKm": 2732,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 36572109.61240074,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "exporterIso3": "SGP",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Singapore",
      "importerName": "France",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.04259909252129545,
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
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      "rank": 4,
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      "exporterName": "India",
      "importerName": "Viet Nam",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.1027308760468599,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 27780518.18603104,
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      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
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      "importerIso3": "ROU",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Romania",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "exporterIso3": "ESP",
      "importerIso3": "PRT",
      "exporterName": "Spain",
      "importerName": "Portugal",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 33424882.49135273,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
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      "importerIso3": "USA",
      "exporterName": "South Africa",
      "importerName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
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      "exporterName": "South Africa",
      "importerName": "France",
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      "cagr3": 4.369969332177703,
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      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
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      "rank": 9,
      "exporterIso3": "PAK",
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      "exporterName": "Pakistan",
      "importerName": "Viet Nam",
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      "cagr3": 6.656648019021083,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 13921887.526264163,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 10,
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      "importerIso3": "KHM",
      "exporterName": "Viet Nam",
      "importerName": "Cambodia",
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "CHE",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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    },
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    },
    {
      "rank": 13,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "HKG",
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      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "exporterIso3": "TWN",
      "importerIso3": "VNM",
      "exporterName": "Taiwan",
      "importerName": "Viet Nam",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
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      "appliedTariffPct": null,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 2221,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 39231428.36063249,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2007,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 78.43193865674324,
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      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "ITA",
      "importerIso3": "ALB",
      "exporterName": "Italy",
      "importerName": "Albania",
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      "cagr3": -1.1715889160508253,
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      "appliedTariffPct": 0.12792075154282828,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.13004486536666665,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.12903235867777776,
      "distanceKm": 615,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 13797373.140356578,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 45.31001991952719,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "IND",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "India",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 7462907.2658403935,
      "cagr3": -5.295524628673453,
      "cagr5": -21.40618990009654,
      "cagr10": -22.78622508210393,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.3007776062141414,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.3018987556787879,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.19025088946666663,
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "NGA",
      "importerIso3": "ESP",
      "exporterName": "Nigeria",
      "importerName": "Spain",
      "value": 7359211.43202327,
      "cagr3": -16.886833124283562,
      "cagr5": -11.81346110713214,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
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