{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Leather (HS4 4112) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for leather at HS4 4112, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4112",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4112/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4112/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4112/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4112/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4112",
    "name": "Leather"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The leather subsector recorded $446.4M in reported global trade in 2024, with -4.8% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 446360617.8555481,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -4.792898337485207,
    "activeExporters": 98,
    "activeImporters": 136,
    "activeHs6Products": 1
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -0.7967138566891685,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -3.2211488861840443,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1016359295.2127638,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2011,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 44.827586206896555,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1162.2215690297905,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 967.7104352040989,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.24405476522652633
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 767467782.2648282,
      "corridor_count": 958,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 685828009.2240458,
      "corridor_count": 1020,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 789499126.9302408,
      "corridor_count": 990,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 478926701.07878315,
      "corridor_count": 980,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 510861977.34852153,
      "corridor_count": 993,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 770194490.8282685,
      "corridor_count": 1131,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 783874750.2803127,
      "corridor_count": 1141,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 836004797.9686311,
      "corridor_count": 1340,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 814082212.1745225,
      "corridor_count": 1252,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 835013043.2127813,
      "corridor_count": 1367,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 700571067.8556062,
      "corridor_count": 1458,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 710966774.5959293,
      "corridor_count": 1468,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 843567512.3489158,
      "corridor_count": 1500,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 793909030.1363475,
      "corridor_count": 1453,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 680751031.911447,
      "corridor_count": 1438,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 903028866.9252216,
      "corridor_count": 1450,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 1016359295.2127638,
      "corridor_count": 1480,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 975826116.3776821,
      "corridor_count": 1520,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 985849362.0731434,
      "corridor_count": 1515,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 879924396.5703906,
      "corridor_count": 1478,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 737100357.9020586,
      "corridor_count": 1543,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 623517888.33289,
      "corridor_count": 1537,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 601840376.9239154,
      "corridor_count": 1450,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 563309933.5093608,
      "corridor_count": 1485,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 525755178.6461053,
      "corridor_count": 1407,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 385445101.5095621,
      "corridor_count": 1241,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 457201550.3718202,
      "corridor_count": 1339,
      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 545748566.0579157,
      "corridor_count": 1316,
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    },
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      "year": 2023,
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      "active_hs6_count": 1
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 4112,
      "global_trade_usd": 446360617.8555481,
      "corridor_count": 1292,
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    }
  ],
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "France",
      "importer_name": "Italy"
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      "exporter_name": "Portugal",
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      "year": 2024,
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      "export_partner_count": 10,
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "411200",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment dressed leather, of sheep or lamb, without wool on, whether or not split, other than leather of heading 41.14"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}