{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Leather (HS4 4107) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for leather at HS4 4107, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4107",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4107/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4107/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4107/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4107/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4107",
    "name": "Leather"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The leather subsector recorded $7.5B in reported global trade in 2024, with -2.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 7469559031.7643,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -2.6506268365930947,
    "activeExporters": 149,
    "activeImporters": 176,
    "activeHs6Products": 6
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -4.640542838434847,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -4.190786058045082,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 13605436304.95146,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 48.275862068965516,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1526.783668445715,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 656.1907610549754,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.2112284411638851
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 6793943228.059577,
      "corridor_count": 2546,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7067204401.4801035,
      "corridor_count": 2575,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7266598880.550957,
      "corridor_count": 2708,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7032623750.592935,
      "corridor_count": 2604,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 6927361851.3752985,
      "corridor_count": 2702,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7824734180.1187315,
      "corridor_count": 2952,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 8191207977.367387,
      "corridor_count": 3016,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7415680767.477497,
      "corridor_count": 2940,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 8432534261.055424,
      "corridor_count": 2849,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 9631979400.419294,
      "corridor_count": 2960,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 9819468180.200634,
      "corridor_count": 2983,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 11027633757.6833,
      "corridor_count": 3075,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 12058967386.857431,
      "corridor_count": 3168,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 11468358289.129578,
      "corridor_count": 3195,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 8114401606.651086,
      "corridor_count": 3084,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 10079032631.28772,
      "corridor_count": 3177,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 11615953341.006035,
      "corridor_count": 3248,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 11204584465.989017,
      "corridor_count": 3282,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 12441389252.737703,
      "corridor_count": 3281,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 13605436304.95146,
      "corridor_count": 3424,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 12081221435.056135,
      "corridor_count": 3489,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 11054158176.401333,
      "corridor_count": 3455,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 10809578728.345758,
      "corridor_count": 3468,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 10682802079.244293,
      "corridor_count": 3553,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 9252489024.12276,
      "corridor_count": 3492,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7041598212.170388,
      "corridor_count": 3289,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 8613975919.52104,
      "corridor_count": 3357,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 8283199671.79009,
      "corridor_count": 3440,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7453276044.164634,
      "corridor_count": 3361,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 4107,
      "global_trade_usd": 7469559031.7643,
      "corridor_count": 3444,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    }
  ],
  "corridors": [
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 1,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "VNM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 441157335.2651949,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 401984406.96451116,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 369020218.47699946,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 287918843.88536626,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 5.303876430343246,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 11.818084524720064,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 14.79424381106329,
      "historical_peak_usd": 441157335.2651949,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 9.489998406233436,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 79.3103448275862,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -9.490367380720043,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2732,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.1527572807164251,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.15905857597826087,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02103543936987923,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13802313660838164,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "FRA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 212383598.25204948,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 201647337.30189332,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 177011794.8057117,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 165325165.94557688,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 10.803013628718737,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 4.604607722961296,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.3180486409041032,
      "historical_peak_usd": 212383598.25204948,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 3.0118239250897183,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 7.484964987814634,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1106,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 3,
      "exporter_iso3": "THA",
      "importer_iso3": "VNM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 199955123.9779547,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 188418894.13651273,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 179982082.72226414,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 168693858.8999042,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 8.428839450838366,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -0.26827184776260227,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 8.218575458677414,
      "historical_peak_usd": 202658962.44807562,
      "historical_peak_year": 2019,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 1.3341815419654595,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 17.274167265422456,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.21026399216095193,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 745,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.15199240541618356,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.1590585759782609,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.010381792133096613,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.14867678384516428,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Thailand",
      "importer_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 4,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 178224231.66682303,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 178002698.79872584,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 178817934.67589024,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 185556871.70563644,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -1.8696206420092398,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -1.3248748578255976,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.8590583725397893,
      "historical_peak_usd": 262665021.50956148,
      "historical_peak_year": 2000,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 32.1477101737601,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 4.400608918009863,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.728679014549029,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 6907,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.0467447546369697,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "SRB",
      "first_data_year": 2006,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 19,
      "exports_latest_usd": 146055693.19476652,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 145522381.95544368,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 129279045.08861294,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 108144062.11567025,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 8.277179504260568,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 4.784238578753874,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 6.984781389638406,
      "historical_peak_usd": 150817870.02494973,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.1575680185613306,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -3.1575680185613297,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 66.66666666666667,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 1.292398114622162,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 724,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.03148994799777778,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.06247825097777777,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0007418081509140739,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.06173644282686369,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Serbia"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 6,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "VNM",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 138075071.36886027,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 124839989.61187108,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 138691192.50325233,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 148301083.62578738,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -8.4831617126916,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -4.504563319405563,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.2738145492171116,
      "historical_peak_usd": 181326784.9476881,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 23.852909315800055,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 14.154755890116743,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 79.3103448275862,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -9.756976261908711,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 9564,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.15905857597826087,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.15905857597826087,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "ROU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 137021384.81173885,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 162255739.59721372,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 165246376.91131207,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 214067825.35861212,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -9.53907027812434,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -9.08424610303209,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -9.18285735022737,
      "historical_peak_usd": 362908113.903079,
      "historical_peak_year": 2011,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 62.24350474337071,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -20.052013419674175,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -0.356212927896971,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1142,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.13328712688888886,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13328712688888886,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13328712688888886,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Romania"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 8,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 125865465.8014053,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 113350708.3736449,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 103169868.20549394,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 115140248.79999176,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 6.48493558141181,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.0870409589627936,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -4.793002299116489,
      "historical_peak_usd": 205692229.71279183,
      "historical_peak_year": 2014,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 38.808837855882395,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 16.087504403510543,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 11.277937880528299,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1366,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "VNM",
      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
      "first_data_year": 1996,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 28,
      "exports_latest_usd": 125328518.225099,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 113575945.56290679,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 102917264.49708335,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 87330305.13071898,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 7.709548843946612,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.9829884529911643,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 13.984315931310952,
      "historical_peak_usd": 125328518.225099,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 19.73291264694861,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 70.37037037037037,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.27476708736434,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1876,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.13689445464888889,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.16385533989130432,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.036967082221859904,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.12688825766944442,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Viet Nam",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4107,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "ITA",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 123218060.4515605,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 137960069.86832884,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 156814697.97923082,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 241751907.98693317,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -15.0868531517094,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -12.191326066176378,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -11.503585158927098,
      "historical_peak_usd": 428105544.07444113,
      "historical_peak_year": 2013,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 71.21783117339524,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -5.302125733661811,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.583267992782302,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 9138,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Italy",
      "importer_name": "China"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 2246816612.3079348,
      "imports_usd": 286718088.4632217,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1960098523.844713,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 76,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 820918970.7888815,
      "imports_usd": 545419497.1330087,
      "trade_balance_usd": 275499473.6558728,
      "export_partner_count": 117,
      "import_partner_count": 76,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BRA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 546846461.604005,
      "imports_usd": 4165171.032529242,
      "trade_balance_usd": 542681290.5714757,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
      "import_partner_count": 28,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Brazil"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "THA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 532172571.0235993,
      "imports_usd": 120818471.78930104,
      "trade_balance_usd": 411354099.2342983,
      "export_partner_count": 60,
      "import_partner_count": 60,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 350411715.5450525,
      "imports_usd": 1107576852.308656,
      "trade_balance_usd": -757165136.7636034,
      "export_partner_count": 48,
      "import_partner_count": 58,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 283620107.103821,
      "imports_usd": 87848651.5961284,
      "trade_balance_usd": 195771455.50769258,
      "export_partner_count": 45,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Republic of Korea"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IND",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 278885941.0581334,
      "imports_usd": 185507080.6865302,
      "trade_balance_usd": 93378860.37160322,
      "export_partner_count": 98,
      "import_partner_count": 74,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 234328860.57414082,
      "imports_usd": 291126867.6425065,
      "trade_balance_usd": -56798007.06836566,
      "export_partner_count": 95,
      "import_partner_count": 71,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 230987272.90160164,
      "imports_usd": 192901247.70095384,
      "trade_balance_usd": 38086025.2006478,
      "export_partner_count": 93,
      "import_partner_count": 60,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 156583578.51028946,
      "imports_usd": 27844096.810197048,
      "trade_balance_usd": 128739481.7000924,
      "export_partner_count": 64,
      "import_partner_count": 41,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Austria"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "VNM",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 350411715.5450525,
      "imports_usd": 1107576852.308656,
      "trade_balance_usd": -757165136.7636034,
      "export_partner_count": 48,
      "import_partner_count": 58,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 820918970.7888815,
      "imports_usd": 545419497.1330087,
      "trade_balance_usd": 275499473.6558728,
      "export_partner_count": 117,
      "import_partner_count": 76,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 108353857.24655123,
      "imports_usd": 449961386.15594715,
      "trade_balance_usd": -341607528.90939593,
      "export_partner_count": 111,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 37952349.61509876,
      "imports_usd": 438066708.244665,
      "trade_balance_usd": -400114358.62956625,
      "export_partner_count": 40,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 120484389.31406862,
      "imports_usd": 344349206.30950654,
      "trade_balance_usd": -223864816.99543792,
      "export_partner_count": 83,
      "import_partner_count": 63,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 234328860.57414082,
      "imports_usd": 291126867.6425065,
      "trade_balance_usd": -56798007.06836566,
      "export_partner_count": 95,
      "import_partner_count": 71,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 2246816612.3079348,
      "imports_usd": 286718088.4632217,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1960098523.844713,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 76,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 135213299.6222694,
      "imports_usd": 245879080.06923616,
      "trade_balance_usd": -110665780.44696677,
      "export_partner_count": 52,
      "import_partner_count": 38,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "HKG",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 53376121.90016312,
      "imports_usd": 233185166.29172915,
      "trade_balance_usd": -179809044.39156604,
      "export_partner_count": 40,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "KHM",
      "hs4": 4107,
      "exports_usd": 14821398.866708929,
      "imports_usd": 217071775.551025,
      "trade_balance_usd": -202250376.68431607,
      "export_partner_count": 16,
      "import_partner_count": 25,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Cambodia"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "410710",
      "product_name": "Leather: of swine, without hair on, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 or 4109"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410711",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed leather, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, without hair on, other than leather of heading 41.14, whole hides and skins, full grain, unsplit"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410712",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed leather, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, without hair on, other than leather of heading 41.14, whole hides and skins, grain splits"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410719",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, without hair on, split or not, other than leather of heading 41.14, (other than grain splits and full grains, unsplit)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410721",
      "product_name": "Leather: of reptiles, without hair on, vegetable pre-tanned, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 or 4109"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410729",
      "product_name": "Leather: of reptiles, without hair on, other than vegetable pre-tanned, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 or 4109"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410790",
      "product_name": "Leather: of animals n.e.s. in chapter 41, without hair on, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 or 4109"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410791",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, without hair on, other than leather of heading 41.14, not whole hides and skins, but including sides, full grain, unsplit"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410792",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, including parchment-dressed, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, without hair on, other than leather of heading 41.14, not whole hides and skins, but including sides, grain splits"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410799",
      "product_name": "Leather: further prepared after tanning or crusting, incl. parchment-dressed, of bovine (including buffalo) or equine animals, no hair, excluding leather of heading 41.14, and whole hides and skins, and sides, (full grains, unsplit and grain splits)"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}