{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:26.681Z",
  "title": "HS4 4105 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 4105 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4105/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 4105",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4105"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4105/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "4105",
  "parentHs2": "41",
  "subsectorName": "Tanned or crust skins of sheep and lambs, without wool on, whether or...",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "4105",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 253992913.07947868,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 298470897.0960624,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 294341120.34138286,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 345508524.9782213,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": -7.159864980942066,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": -6.067839728159708,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": -7.733603346019347,
    "historical_peak_usd": 1126769007.5264401,
    "historical_peak_year": 1996,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 77.45829789576293,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -10.19967801109814,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.5737383650772809,
    "trend_label": "Declining",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1621.656464773564,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 2276.7013777350376,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.3984057116469339,
    "active_corridor_count": 711,
    "active_exporter_count": 111,
    "active_importer_count": 101,
    "active_hs6_count": 2,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 253992913.07947868,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 192436065.94419107,
    "topFiveSharePct": 44.63591871459951,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Italy",
      "value": 49133002.45331412,
      "cagr3": 37.34374142397245,
      "cagr5": 41.934075041078756,
      "cagr10": 46.10176181206314,
      "share": 19.344241482021022,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.019785718721303032,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.05920413126868686,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.01655754645517325,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.042646584813513605,
      "distanceKm": 9138,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 50446916.6805164,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 2.604548134276244,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -7.159864980942066,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -6.067839728159708,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": -7.733603346019347,
    "latestYoyPct": -10.19967801109814,
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1126769007.5264401,
    "historicalPeakYear": 1996,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 77.45829789576293,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1621.656464773564,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 2276.7013777350376,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3984057116469339,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "China to Italy leads the reported HS4 4105 routes with $49.1M in 2024 and +37.3% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $254.0M in latest reported trade, with -7.2% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "China",
      "importerName": "Italy",
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      "cagr3": 37.34374142397245,
      "cagr5": 41.934075041078756,
      "cagr10": 46.10176181206314,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.019785718721303032,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.05920413126868686,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.01655754645517325,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.042646584813513605,
      "distanceKm": 9138,
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2023,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 2.604548134276244,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
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      "rank": 2,
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      "exporterName": "Spain",
      "importerName": "Italy",
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      "cagr5": -3.0778778613437696,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 57320176.62856739,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
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    },
    {
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      "rank": 7,
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    },
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      "rank": 14,
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    },
    {
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "SAU",
      "importerIso3": "PAK",
      "exporterName": "Saudi Arabia",
      "importerName": "Pakistan",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "CHN",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "China",
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