{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Leather (HS4 4104) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for leather at HS4 4104, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4104",
  "publisher": {
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4104/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4104/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4104/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4104/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4104",
    "name": "Leather"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The leather subsector recorded $3.2B in reported global trade in 2024, with -0.4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 3175867618.806752,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -0.44099107916482705,
    "activeExporters": 131,
    "activeImporters": 151,
    "activeHs6Products": 4
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -4.787609481231647,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -3.2914985168974176,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 7827172527.589835,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 51.724137931034484,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1257.6244010122468,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1621.8011151279543,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.29652546763637955
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3307737740.6624002,
      "corridor_count": 2134,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3352033711.6776805,
      "corridor_count": 2138,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3499037615.279377,
      "corridor_count": 2132,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3154515110.1311903,
      "corridor_count": 2043,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 2937113624.634616,
      "corridor_count": 2120,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3460743551.6884947,
      "corridor_count": 2288,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3703306331.735683,
      "corridor_count": 2307,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5275063014.316965,
      "corridor_count": 2926,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5381758893.633158,
      "corridor_count": 2739,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5625945419.328238,
      "corridor_count": 2760,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5574674742.344585,
      "corridor_count": 2672,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
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      "year": 2006,
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      "global_trade_usd": 6240980255.145101,
      "corridor_count": 2699,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 6638241398.002841,
      "corridor_count": 2708,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5705707143.643057,
      "corridor_count": 2569,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3796468702.351613,
      "corridor_count": 2374,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5471601985.619324,
      "corridor_count": 2423,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 6272541177.447536,
      "corridor_count": 2541,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5886882876.38398,
      "corridor_count": 2473,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 6804579816.426312,
      "corridor_count": 2484,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 7827172527.589835,
      "corridor_count": 2512,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
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    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 6462498078.278793,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5355846452.245258,
      "corridor_count": 2450,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 5329722709.073544,
      "corridor_count": 2435,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4797198004.171443,
      "corridor_count": 2314,
      "active_hs6_count": 4
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 3754387730.427472,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4104,
      "global_trade_usd": 2565423374.1773286,
      "corridor_count": 2006,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "product_name": "Leather: whole bovine skin, without hair on, of a unit surface area not exceeding 28 square feet (2.6m2), excluding leather of heading no. 4108 and 4109"
    },
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    },
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    },
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      "hs_code": "410422",
      "product_name": "Leather: bovine, without hair on, pre-tanned, (not vegetable pre-tanned), but not further prepared, whether or not split, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 and 4109"
    },
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    },
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      "hs_code": "410431",
      "product_name": "Leather: bovine and equine, without hair on, parchment-dressed or prepared after tanning, full grains and grain splits, excluding leather of heading no. 4108 and 4109"
    },
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      "hs_code": "410439",
      "product_name": "Leather: bovine and equine, without hair on,( excluding full grains and grain splits), parchment-dressed or prepared after tanning excluding leather of heading no. 4108 and 4109"
    },
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      "hs_code": "410441",
      "product_name": "Tanned or crust hides and skins: bovine or equine, without hair on, in the dry state (crust), full grains, unsplit: grain splits"
    },
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      "hs_code": "410449",
      "product_name": "Tanned or crust hides and skins: bovine or equine, without hair on, in the dry state (crust), (other than full grains, unsplit: grain splits)"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}