{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Hides and skins (HS4 4103) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for hides and skins at HS4 4103, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4103",
    "name": "Hides and skins"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The hides and skins subsector recorded $567.4M in reported global trade in 2024, with +14.2% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 567428461.8806798,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 14.179604583138085,
    "activeExporters": 123,
    "activeImporters": 134,
    "activeHs6Products": 3
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Rapid growth",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 10.603045786050135,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.8963723131235186,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 757285528.6773534,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 48.275862068965516,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2183.29379630591,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 2678.7872767725075,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.2745770004258401
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 397067480.2224908,
      "corridor_count": 1555,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 352892907.03083163,
      "corridor_count": 1476,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 367526464.51612633,
      "corridor_count": 1467,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 335990282.1577291,
      "corridor_count": 1449,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 241461060.19207045,
      "corridor_count": 1483,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 304260269.7797486,
      "corridor_count": 1685,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 331099388.3118274,
      "corridor_count": 1688,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 310571623.31769735,
      "corridor_count": 1511,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 332782967.8604727,
      "corridor_count": 1476,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 369779618.6000587,
      "corridor_count": 1475,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 492776236.41028255,
      "corridor_count": 1512,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 566442372.8708388,
      "corridor_count": 1527,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 484752381.60673094,
      "corridor_count": 1435,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 542260564.0405695,
      "corridor_count": 1269,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 361362411.99771744,
      "corridor_count": 1261,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 393262180.8457764,
      "corridor_count": 1225,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 567513637.5865327,
      "corridor_count": 1236,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 644246192.8496331,
      "corridor_count": 1315,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 757285528.6773534,
      "corridor_count": 1250,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 714950643.9777889,
      "corridor_count": 1272,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 613664140.1622212,
      "corridor_count": 1287,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 611466211.221871,
      "corridor_count": 1241,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 571375400.1143924,
      "corridor_count": 1228,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 549640536.8210248,
      "corridor_count": 1178,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 491938483.1073378,
      "corridor_count": 1138,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 409236460.1592333,
      "corridor_count": 1041,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
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      "global_trade_usd": 419382066.90679276,
      "corridor_count": 943,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "year": 2023,
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      "global_trade_usd": 422057012.3040353,
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    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 4103,
      "global_trade_usd": 567428461.8806798,
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    }
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "France"
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      "exporter_name": "Viet Nam",
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -118854076.69942449,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -36833486.35624569,
      "export_partner_count": 11,
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      "export_partner_count": 9,
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      "country_name": "Singapore"
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -19985383.583763443,
      "export_partner_count": 46,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "South Africa"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 16724609.140812129,
      "trade_balance_usd": -16711189.511333704,
      "export_partner_count": 36,
      "import_partner_count": 15,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "imports_usd": 12512622.955257481,
      "trade_balance_usd": 39213.54658533633,
      "export_partner_count": 36,
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    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 8595156.616164682,
      "trade_balance_usd": -8546152.456054503,
      "export_partner_count": 6,
      "import_partner_count": 22,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "410310",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of goats or kids (fresh or salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410320",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of reptiles (fresh or salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410330",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of swine, (fresh or salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410390",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of animals n.e.c. in this chapter, fresh, salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, (but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}