{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:26.471Z",
  "title": "HS4 4103 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 4103 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 4103",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4103/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "4103",
  "parentHs2": "41",
  "subsectorName": "Hides and skins",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "4103",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 567428461.8806798,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 483616658.92009777,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 455893700.76526386,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 511755327.5253166,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": 10.603045786050135,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": 2.8963723131235186,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": -2.2844894651482095,
    "historical_peak_usd": 757285528.6773534,
    "historical_peak_year": 2013,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 25.070737470484982,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 14.179604583138085,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 12.887535251198344,
    "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 2183.29379630591,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 2678.7872767725075,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.2745770004258401,
    "active_corridor_count": 990,
    "active_exporter_count": 123,
    "active_importer_count": 134,
    "active_hs6_count": 3,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 567428461.8806798,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 477626544.22531784,
    "topFiveSharePct": 47.9772395043325,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importerName": "France",
      "value": 63334802.46285911,
      "cagr3": 22.941459975117894,
      "cagr5": 4.550686536511339,
      "cagr10": 2.064154933697826,
      "share": 11.161724643304428,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.05920413126868688,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.05920413126868688,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 5852,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 63334802.46285911,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 10.603045786050135,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.8963723131235186,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": -2.2844894651482095,
    "latestYoyPct": 14.179604583138085,
    "trendLabel": "Rapid growth",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 757285528.6773534,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 25.070737470484982,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2183.29379630591,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 2678.7872767725075,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.2745770004258401,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands to France leads the reported HS4 4103 routes with $63.3M in 2024 and +22.9% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $567.4M in latest reported trade, with +10.6% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importerName": "France",
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      "cagr3": 22.941459975117894,
      "cagr5": 4.550686536511339,
      "cagr10": 2.064154933697826,
      "share": 11.161724643304428,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.05920413126868688,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.05920413126868688,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 5852,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 63334802.46285911,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "DEU",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "Germany",
      "importerName": "Italy",
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      "cagr3": 39.06540551033779,
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      "cagr10": 10.745695298743696,
      "share": 10.992745037484156,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 62375964.084661104,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "exporterIso3": "AUS",
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      "exporterName": "Australia",
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 43606826.20560324,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "exporterIso3": "ZWE",
      "importerIso3": "FRA",
      "exporterName": "Zimbabwe",
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 37700139.865255274,
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      "importerName": "South Africa",
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
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      "importerName": "Thailand",
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    },
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      "importerName": "Singapore",
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2019,
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      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 10,
      "exporterIso3": "VNM",
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      "exporterName": "Viet Nam",
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
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      "rank": 11,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
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      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
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    },
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      "rank": 12,
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    },
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      "rank": 13,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importerName": "China",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.30189875567878777,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
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      "distanceKm": 11883,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 27200215.239192095,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2008,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 77.05552872879971,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "MEX",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.1311842474462,
      "distanceKm": 3359,
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 80.144142441324,
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "NGA",
      "importerIso3": "HKG",
      "exporterName": "Nigeria",
      "importerName": "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region",
      "value": 5840388.960847562,
      "cagr3": 321.0840865464421,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 18103361.99326127,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "USA",
      "importerIso3": "ITA",
      "exporterName": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importerName": "Italy",
      "value": 5195031.14438807,
      "cagr3": -24.67956281537118,
      "cagr5": -25.075477683281377,
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