{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Skins (HS4 4102) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for skins at HS4 4102, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4102",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4102/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4102/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4102/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4102/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4102",
    "name": "Skins"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The skins subsector recorded $389.4M in reported global trade in 2024, with +0.8% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 389447354.18785375,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 0.7945598331247264,
    "activeExporters": 118,
    "activeImporters": 136,
    "activeHs6Products": 3
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -5.319930585868171,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -4.18082496356379,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1582694113.3135476,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 48.275862068965516,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2140.0862372607085,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 2793.2641593477197,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.38798879052605983
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1136282617.9371302,
      "corridor_count": 1058,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1295833274.2518823,
      "corridor_count": 1064,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1132840007.2707412,
      "corridor_count": 1029,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 769510976.6887128,
      "corridor_count": 963,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 460848834.28627706,
      "corridor_count": 1082,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 772244201.3609769,
      "corridor_count": 1145,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 876052025.8994243,
      "corridor_count": 1193,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 956935562.9780878,
      "corridor_count": 1269,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 950362311.4653841,
      "corridor_count": 1130,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 966851128.1192353,
      "corridor_count": 1141,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 799818419.0938959,
      "corridor_count": 1156,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 818585528.164756,
      "corridor_count": 1104,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 952331204.6696836,
      "corridor_count": 1092,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 983572329.4787378,
      "corridor_count": 1049,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 656593202.4933938,
      "corridor_count": 993,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 971680400.2517161,
      "corridor_count": 962,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1544760594.0692503,
      "corridor_count": 1017,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1400206027.4781177,
      "corridor_count": 1022,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1582694113.3135476,
      "corridor_count": 993,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 1167989944.6335807,
      "corridor_count": 997,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 795455475.5869642,
      "corridor_count": 972,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4102,
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      "corridor_count": 971,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 689265072.904972,
      "corridor_count": 975,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 639163980.7178121,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 482154939.6950873,
      "corridor_count": 868,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4102,
      "global_trade_usd": 357797413.92176175,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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    },
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Australia",
      "importer_name": "China"
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      "exporter_name": "Spain",
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      "distance_km": 1919,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
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      "import_partner_count": 20,
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      "export_partner_count": 32,
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      "imports_usd": 6893278.732319632,
      "trade_balance_usd": -6871697.922766468,
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      "country_name": "Portugal"
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      "imports_usd": 4645432.172558078,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4493565.320360706,
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      "import_partner_count": 26,
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "410210",
      "product_name": "Skins: raw, of sheep or lambs, fresh, or salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, (but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), with wool on"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410221",
      "product_name": "Skins: raw, of sheep or lambs, pickled (but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further preserved), without wool on"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410229",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of animals n.e.c. in this chapter, fresh, salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved, (but not tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}