{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Hides and skins (HS4 4101) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for hides and skins at HS4 4101, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4101",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4101/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4101/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4101/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4101/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4101",
    "name": "Hides and skins"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The hides and skins subsector recorded $2.6B in reported global trade in 2024, with -18.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 2616172607.337308,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -18.71193596492618,
    "activeExporters": 149,
    "activeImporters": 148,
    "activeHs6Products": 3
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -6.087502894910823,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": -0.5012467193574621,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 6928592840.029642,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 37.93103448275862,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1009.6425228595691,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 2081.4945704582283,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.26704837154953753
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5463769607.189914,
      "corridor_count": 2560,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5173016522.023646,
      "corridor_count": 2529,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5260466107.684521,
      "corridor_count": 2507,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4396369729.290897,
      "corridor_count": 2449,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4101631407.1146092,
      "corridor_count": 2619,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4998161587.872366,
      "corridor_count": 2791,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5520980670.104438,
      "corridor_count": 2858,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 3956755164.571341,
      "corridor_count": 2086,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4002391372.9211006,
      "corridor_count": 1941,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 3995290235.133074,
      "corridor_count": 1901,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4101,
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      "corridor_count": 1975,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
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      "year": 2006,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4277507493.6010647,
      "corridor_count": 1945,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4608200549.460024,
      "corridor_count": 1825,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4237459382.6903057,
      "corridor_count": 1790,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 2989231201.7919254,
      "corridor_count": 1801,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4870396969.5734825,
      "corridor_count": 1812,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5835298807.669773,
      "corridor_count": 1903,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 5785994662.978392,
      "corridor_count": 1848,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 6765021157.061402,
      "corridor_count": 1840,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
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      "global_trade_usd": 6928592840.029642,
      "corridor_count": 1851,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 5655482616.969393,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4560742577.252087,
      "corridor_count": 1774,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 4627463994.027181,
      "corridor_count": 1759,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 3932415811.1041765,
      "corridor_count": 1750,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 2682737615.6910458,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4101,
      "global_trade_usd": 2096378255.7231214,
      "corridor_count": 1547,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "China"
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      "exporter_name": "Canada",
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "410110",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, whole, of bovine animals, weight per skin not exceeding 8kg when simply dried, 10kg when dry-salted or 14kg when fresh, wet-salted or otherwise preserved"
    },
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      "hs_code": "410120",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, whole, of bovine or equine animals, of a weight per skin not exceeding 8kg when simply dried, 10kg when dry-salted or 14kg when fresh, wet-salted or otherwise preserved"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410121",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, whole, of bovine animals, fresh or wet-salted, weight per skin exceeding 14kg"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410122",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of bovine animals, fresh or wet-salted, butts and bends"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410129",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of bovine animals, fresh or wet-salted, other than whole, but not butts or bends"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410130",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of bovine animals, preserved in ways n.e.s. in heading no. 4101"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410140",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, of equine animals, fresh or salted, dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved (excluding tanned, parchment-dressed or further prepared), whether or not dehaired or split"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410150",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: raw, whole, of bovine or equine animals, of a weight per skin exceeding 16 kg"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "410190",
      "product_name": "Hides and skins: other than whole, but including butts, bends and bellies, of bovine (including. buffalo) and equine animals, fresh, salted or preserved, but not tanned, parchment dressed or further prepared, whether or not dehaired or split"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}