{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Rubber (HS4 4012) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for rubber at HS4 4012, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4012",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4012/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4012/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4012/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/4012/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "4012",
    "name": "Rubber"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The rubber subsector recorded $2.9B in reported global trade in 2024, with -12.4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 2883584129.0991135,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -12.438336603684634,
    "activeExporters": 174,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 6
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 2.42409672093169,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.870333293370275,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 3088083720.631269,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2013,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 68.96551724137932,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1411.6327069199467,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 713.605173036863,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.40906322060286343
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 856381080.8104304,
      "corridor_count": 3125,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 901820160.2188878,
      "corridor_count": 3199,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 939253591.3193933,
      "corridor_count": 3298,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 943753536.1975865,
      "corridor_count": 3373,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 973907710.4784023,
      "corridor_count": 3584,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 921880685.8982339,
      "corridor_count": 4242,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 848752744.6882616,
      "corridor_count": 4258,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 888167211.6776233,
      "corridor_count": 4391,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 1095407105.3616943,
      "corridor_count": 4481,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 1318380880.8156638,
      "corridor_count": 4603,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 1496115877.9992092,
      "corridor_count": 4646,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 1742083289.0038815,
      "corridor_count": 4894,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2078182651.5452147,
      "corridor_count": 4904,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2172252042.26138,
      "corridor_count": 4866,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 1790229736.4402118,
      "corridor_count": 4908,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2166628303.2268524,
      "corridor_count": 5073,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2851305886.6908593,
      "corridor_count": 5164,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2905615243.4815717,
      "corridor_count": 5355,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 3088083720.631269,
      "corridor_count": 5342,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2910301212.1495585,
      "corridor_count": 5436,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2635851587.357449,
      "corridor_count": 5425,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2439879992.189187,
      "corridor_count": 5339,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2600472812.5512366,
      "corridor_count": 5344,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2680015353.7557845,
      "corridor_count": 5341,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2503121277.6676803,
      "corridor_count": 5263,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2218655085.533171,
      "corridor_count": 5051,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
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    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2683652002.107182,
      "corridor_count": 5133,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
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      "corridor_count": 5252,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2023,
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      "corridor_count": 5204,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 4012,
      "global_trade_usd": 2883584129.0991135,
      "corridor_count": 5046,
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    }
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Sri Lanka",
      "importer_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Spain",
      "importer_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4012,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "THA",
      "importer_iso3": "THA",
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      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 25,
      "exports_latest_usd": 40561340.52025794,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 33814412.061856814,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 29549766.417591076,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 26416319.368432272,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 13.754366021926522,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 8.646289214036385,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 10.630498362845264,
      "historical_peak_usd": 40561340.52025794,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 10.998631030976735,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 3.1238676590812577,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 269,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Thailand",
      "importer_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 4012,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "THA",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 38603500.159521215,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 31404895.64703552,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 29515832.737599872,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 28453479.67367562,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.751664913256914,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.73344698412028,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 11.583635562673344,
      "historical_peak_usd": 38603500.159521215,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 20.055043438941112,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.831970649416429,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2887,
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      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.28196241672909084,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.3018987556787879,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.05668992856888889,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Thailand",
      "importer_name": "China"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "LKA",
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      "trade_balance_usd": 435215203.54773235,
      "export_partner_count": 122,
      "import_partner_count": 21,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Sri Lanka"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 134817700.47794282,
      "export_partner_count": 157,
      "import_partner_count": 67,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "trade_balance_usd": 139891931.29186285,
      "export_partner_count": 196,
      "import_partner_count": 44,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 212238653.77212575,
      "trade_balance_usd": -42288116.26792085,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": 85607739.4522129,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "exports_usd": 150557767.2074971,
      "imports_usd": 481574508.5888822,
      "trade_balance_usd": -331016741.3813851,
      "export_partner_count": 146,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 149959596.9669666,
      "imports_usd": 33620795.79026958,
      "trade_balance_usd": 116338801.17669702,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 123785207.36909573,
      "imports_usd": 70273111.67777587,
      "trade_balance_usd": 53512095.69131985,
      "export_partner_count": 103,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BEL",
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      "exports_usd": 119320734.5305247,
      "imports_usd": 85887459.47589976,
      "trade_balance_usd": 33433275.054624945,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
      "import_partner_count": 52,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
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      "exports_usd": 110060584.01450156,
      "imports_usd": 55215571.55538823,
      "trade_balance_usd": 54845012.45911333,
      "export_partner_count": 47,
      "import_partner_count": 62,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 150557767.2074971,
      "imports_usd": 481574508.5888822,
      "trade_balance_usd": -331016741.3813851,
      "export_partner_count": 146,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 366359658.1072497,
      "imports_usd": 231541957.62930685,
      "trade_balance_usd": 134817700.47794282,
      "export_partner_count": 157,
      "import_partner_count": 67,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "exports_usd": 169950537.5042049,
      "imports_usd": 212238653.77212575,
      "trade_balance_usd": -42288116.26792085,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 69,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 78633892.30054222,
      "imports_usd": 124913456.61547704,
      "trade_balance_usd": -46279564.31493482,
      "export_partner_count": 142,
      "import_partner_count": 58,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 16631873.38609245,
      "imports_usd": 107817921.78213283,
      "trade_balance_usd": -91186048.39604038,
      "export_partner_count": 82,
      "import_partner_count": 54,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 100727835.88194026,
      "imports_usd": 105520173.88553655,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4792338.003596291,
      "export_partner_count": 129,
      "import_partner_count": 64,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 59440637.429449044,
      "imports_usd": 97108511.34868185,
      "trade_balance_usd": -37667873.91923281,
      "export_partner_count": 122,
      "import_partner_count": 53,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BEL",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 119320734.5305247,
      "imports_usd": 85887459.47589976,
      "trade_balance_usd": 33433275.054624945,
      "export_partner_count": 154,
      "import_partner_count": 52,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "THA",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 161363158.81909966,
      "imports_usd": 75755419.36688676,
      "trade_balance_usd": 85607739.4522129,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 42,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Thailand"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 4012,
      "exports_usd": 123785207.36909573,
      "imports_usd": 70273111.67777587,
      "trade_balance_usd": 53512095.69131985,
      "export_partner_count": 103,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "401210",
      "product_name": "Rubber: retreaded tyres"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401211",
      "product_name": "Retreaded tyres : of a kind used on motor cars (including station wagons and racing cars)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401212",
      "product_name": "Retreaded tyres: of a kind used on motor buses or lorries"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401213",
      "product_name": "Retreaded tyres: of a kind used on aircraft"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401219",
      "product_name": "Retreaded tyres: other than of a kind used on motor cars (including station wagons and racing cars), buses and lorries and aircraft"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401220",
      "product_name": "Rubber: used pneumatic tyres"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "401290",
      "product_name": "Rubber: tyres n.e.c. in heading no. 4012"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}