{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Ink (HS4 3215) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for ink at HS4 3215, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/3215",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/3215/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/3215/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/3215/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/3215/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "3215",
    "name": "Ink"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The ink subsector recorded $12.6B in reported global trade in 2024, with +3.4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 12629457436.069996,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 3.404469925749258,
    "activeExporters": 175,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 3
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -2.4210890070932134,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 0.07351985729533439,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 14721406647.695238,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2014,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 75.86206896551724,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 747.0506991011393,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 418.3207160240538,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3837714103028582
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 2731338776.2619314,
      "corridor_count": 3383,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 3070932084.1202617,
      "corridor_count": 3493,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 3760742629.058052,
      "corridor_count": 3570,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 4051466334.020433,
      "corridor_count": 3656,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 4865477095.552416,
      "corridor_count": 4049,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 5534800066.191095,
      "corridor_count": 4695,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 5268682668.37467,
      "corridor_count": 4975,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 5752744166.367445,
      "corridor_count": 5245,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 6835817690.626895,
      "corridor_count": 5336,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 8036818357.131566,
      "corridor_count": 5507,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 8728436770.163477,
      "corridor_count": 5652,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 9293334189.719173,
      "corridor_count": 5867,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 10264783980.813679,
      "corridor_count": 5949,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 10890209441.73607,
      "corridor_count": 6089,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 10029467890.740208,
      "corridor_count": 6099,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 11485639382.418087,
      "corridor_count": 6139,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 13194361860.69075,
      "corridor_count": 6264,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 13679860890.550714,
      "corridor_count": 6344,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 14461658308.167404,
      "corridor_count": 6321,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 14721406647.695238,
      "corridor_count": 6429,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 12823213113.676159,
      "corridor_count": 6467,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 12508750917.020315,
      "corridor_count": 6533,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 13139503642.285894,
      "corridor_count": 6660,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 13387364533.97033,
      "corridor_count": 6703,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 12583133861.785196,
      "corridor_count": 6675,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 12612281209.165533,
      "corridor_count": 6485,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 13593046191.354675,
      "corridor_count": 6739,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
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      "global_trade_usd": 12561425417.944405,
      "corridor_count": 6753,
      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 3215,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 3215,
      "global_trade_usd": 12629457436.069996,
      "corridor_count": 6717,
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    }
  ],
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      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 82178828.11330721,
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      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 47.32649703855032,
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      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.05214629114545451,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "India",
      "importer_name": "United Arab Emirates"
    },
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      "corridor_rank": 2,
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      "exporter_name": "Malaysia",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "exporter_name": "United Kingdom",
      "importer_name": "Netherlands"
    },
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      "hs4": 3215,
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      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 145958564.79635668,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 184769444.76428294,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 242246582.68163738,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 289247785.2719366,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -21.14437910082323,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -12.766114814562501,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.4356294093802235,
      "historical_peak_usd": 395394070.2481634,
      "historical_peak_year": 2017,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 63.085292426174256,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 2.9616161963735843,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 72.41379310344827,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -22.580008510203452,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 8415,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.019524322693477366,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.058782636827160485,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0166649603067814,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.04211767652037909,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 3215,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "MEX",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
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      "exports_latest_usd": 141564978.22521263,
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      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 132932672.34206279,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 126992859.17959705,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.381690594868171,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.179462365066388,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.9798151704418343,
      "historical_peak_usd": 145074093.95864654,
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      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
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      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 3359,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Mexico"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 1203588080.266291,
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      "export_partner_count": 192,
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 216386516.45171475,
      "trade_balance_usd": 683887945.4519719,
      "export_partner_count": 157,
      "import_partner_count": 56,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 436990416.2607621,
      "trade_balance_usd": 312450987.44536245,
      "export_partner_count": 166,
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    },
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      "export_partner_count": 162,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "imports_usd": 121099481.33068033,
      "trade_balance_usd": 515504853.53180987,
      "export_partner_count": 142,
      "import_partner_count": 75,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Switzerland, Liechtenstein"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MYS",
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      "exports_usd": 492980745.9753994,
      "imports_usd": 156750483.39562103,
      "trade_balance_usd": 336230262.5797783,
      "export_partner_count": 135,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 3215,
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      "imports_usd": 842894944.9275285,
      "trade_balance_usd": -360380726.23387563,
      "export_partner_count": 161,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "France"
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      "export_partner_count": 170,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 842894944.9275285,
      "trade_balance_usd": -360380726.23387563,
      "export_partner_count": 161,
      "import_partner_count": 83,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ARE",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 35219847.58164098,
      "imports_usd": 744347960.7161841,
      "trade_balance_usd": -709128113.1345432,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 71,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "United Arab Emirates"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 728531427.861897,
      "trade_balance_usd": -5286392.992560267,
      "export_partner_count": 162,
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      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "imports_usd": 618974258.2711983,
      "trade_balance_usd": 514044356.7466848,
      "export_partner_count": 152,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 283466287.2006046,
      "imports_usd": 480432417.61789685,
      "trade_balance_usd": -196966130.41729224,
      "export_partner_count": 142,
      "import_partner_count": 59,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 930476148.4683521,
      "imports_usd": 466609589.2293367,
      "trade_balance_usd": 463866559.2390154,
      "export_partner_count": 192,
      "import_partner_count": 61,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 749441403.7061245,
      "imports_usd": 436990416.2607621,
      "trade_balance_usd": 312450987.44536245,
      "export_partner_count": 166,
      "import_partner_count": 72,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "POL",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 124343956.37461968,
      "imports_usd": 355557995.79549295,
      "trade_balance_usd": -231214039.42087328,
      "export_partner_count": 106,
      "import_partner_count": 64,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 3215,
      "exports_usd": 21962253.153294668,
      "imports_usd": 312258537.4640748,
      "trade_balance_usd": -290296284.3107801,
      "export_partner_count": 63,
      "import_partner_count": 53,
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "321511",
      "product_name": "Ink: for printing, black, whether or not concentrated or solid"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "321519",
      "product_name": "Ink: for printing, other than black, whether or not concentrated or solid"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "321590",
      "product_name": "Ink: writing, drawing and other inks, n.e.c. in heading no. 3215, whether or not concentrated or solid"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}