{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:12.800Z",
  "title": "HS4 2603 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 2603 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2603/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 2603",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2603"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2603/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "2603",
  "parentHs2": "26",
  "subsectorName": "Copper ores and concentrates",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "2603",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 100700124435.13594,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 94602695035.01192,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 87396725491.5889,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 70306658390.1,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": 3.392426529410475,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": 11.633934788715994,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": 6.844948700656128,
    "historical_peak_usd": 100700124435.13594,
    "historical_peak_year": 2024,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 7.3355890591481065,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.4525221712456533,
    "trend_label": "Growing",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 1468.9428236316726,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 4077.5104832469333,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.7494477403983171,
    "active_corridor_count": 1019,
    "active_exporter_count": 117,
    "active_importer_count": 116,
    "active_hs6_count": 1,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 100700124435.13594,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 75738062535.38786,
    "topFiveSharePct": 47.20421407683621,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "CHL",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Chile",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 20292506882.517605,
      "cagr3": 1.2718171807208467,
      "cagr5": 14.943616030270901,
      "cagr10": 14.864048318380195,
      "share": 20.151421854089797,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": true,
      "accessLabel": "FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.28168889841090905,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.30189875567878793,
      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.035357735045657375,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.26654102063313057,
      "distanceKm": 18861,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 20292506882.517605,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 3.392426529410475,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 11.633934788715994,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": 6.844948700656128,
    "latestYoyPct": 7.3355890591481065,
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 100700124435.13594,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1468.9428236316726,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 4077.5104832469333,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.7494477403983171,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Chile to China leads the reported HS4 2603 routes with $20.3B in 2024 and +1.3% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $100.7B in latest reported trade, with +3.4% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "exporterIso3": "CHL",
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      "cagr3": 1.2718171807208467,
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      "cagr10": 14.864048318380195,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.035357735045657375,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.26654102063313057,
      "distanceKm": 18861,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 20292506882.517605,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
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      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "PER",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Peru",
      "importerName": "China",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.25349229296854536,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 15499614723.998085,
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      "distanceKm": 12928,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 3501036475.186551,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Stable"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "rank": 7,
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      "importerIso3": "CHN",
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      "rank": 10,
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      "exporterName": "Democratic Republic of the Congo",
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    {
      "rank": 11,
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      "importerIso3": "JPN",
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    },
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      "rank": 12,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 13,
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      "importerIso3": "KOR",
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      "importerName": "Republic of Korea",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "exporterIso3": "SRB",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Serbia",
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      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 1357139998.1575832,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
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      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Russia",
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      "distanceKm": 6831,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 1355432029.9475355,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "CHL",
      "importerIso3": "IND",
      "exporterName": "Chile",
      "importerName": "India",
      "value": 1280233367.5943322,
      "cagr3": 16.46902788105489,
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      "cagr10": -5.710837725751983,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.5191622741474747,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "CAN",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Canada",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 1188702424.161819,
      "cagr3": 1.4602678406085312,
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