{
  "template": "T9",
  "canonicalTemplate": "TS-HS4-CORRIDOR-09-SUBSECTOR-TOP-CORRIDORS",
  "templateName": "HS4 Subsector Top Trade Corridors",
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector top trade corridors",
  "source": "api",
  "robots": "index, follow",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-28T10:23:12.526Z",
  "title": "HS4 2528 top trade corridors | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Explore reported HS4 2528 trade corridors: leading exporter-to-importer routes, value, growth, market share, access, tariffs, and distance context.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2528/corridors",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "branding": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-28)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-28",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-28"
      }
    ]
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "HS4 2528",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2528"
    },
    {
      "name": "Corridors",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2528/corridors"
    }
  ],
  "hs4": "2528",
  "parentHs2": "25",
  "subsectorName": "Natural borates and concentrates thereof (whether or not calcined), b...",
  "overview": {
    "hs4": "2528",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "years_with_data": 30,
    "latest_trade_usd": 432804710.6473231,
    "trade_avg_3y_usd": 411565233.9171948,
    "trade_avg_5y_usd": 375056979.80472267,
    "trade_avg_10y_usd": 358243887.5580384,
    "trade_cagr_3y_pct": 5.299477499331662,
    "trade_cagr_5y_pct": 6.29061114370606,
    "trade_cagr_10y_pct": 1.7295314916828675,
    "historical_peak_usd": 432804710.6473231,
    "historical_peak_year": 2024,
    "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
    "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 15.626162459437754,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 3.5699460076487943,
    "trend_label": "Growing",
    "exporter_concentration_hhi": 4038.784441551048,
    "importer_concentration_hhi": 1470.8811579784708,
    "trade_volatility_cv": 0.44783603888776574,
    "active_corridor_count": 592,
    "active_exporter_count": 84,
    "active_importer_count": 135,
    "active_hs6_count": 1,
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "summary": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 432804710.6473231,
    "corridorsShown": 25,
    "displayedRouteValueUsd": 365293701.6198694,
    "topFiveSharePct": 57.24207049757215,
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "leadingCorridor": {
      "rank": 1,
      "exporterIso3": "TUR",
      "importerIso3": "CHN",
      "exporterName": "Turkey",
      "importerName": "China",
      "value": 114574315.58069634,
      "cagr3": 6.473000563817144,
      "cagr5": 4.709984818338975,
      "cagr10": -0.6457782016157765,
      "share": 26.47252046063307,
      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 8004,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 133451411.97443718,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2018,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 14.145295365894494,
      "yearsWithData": 28,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    }
  },
  "indicators": {
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 5.299477499331662,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 6.29061114370606,
    "tradeCagr10yPct": 1.7295314916828675,
    "latestYoyPct": 15.626162459437754,
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "historicalPeakUsd": 432804710.6473231,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "latestBelowPeakPct": 0,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 4038.784441551048,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1470.8811579784708,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.44783603888776574,
    "yearsWithData": 30
  },
  "answer": "Turkey to China leads the reported HS4 2528 routes with $114.6M in 2024 and +6.5% calculated three-year growth. The HS4 subsector recorded $432.8M in latest reported trade, with +5.3% calculated three-year growth.",
  "corridors": [
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      "cagr3": 6.473000563817144,
      "cagr5": 4.709984818338975,
      "cagr10": -0.6457782016157765,
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      "ftaKnown": true,
      "hasFta": false,
      "accessLabel": "No FTA reported",
      "appliedTariffPct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "mfnTariffPct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "preferentialTariffPct": null,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": null,
      "distanceKm": 8004,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 133451411.97443718,
      "historicalPeakYear": 2018,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 14.145295365894494,
      "yearsWithData": 28,
      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
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      "rank": 2,
      "exporterIso3": "BOL",
      "importerIso3": "BRA",
      "exporterName": "Bolivia",
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      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.10265316693268076,
      "distanceKm": 2379,
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      "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
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      "trendLabel": "Rapid growth"
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      "trendLabel": "Growing"
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
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    {
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      "importerName": "Peru",
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      "importerIso3": "TWN",
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    },
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      "rank": 8,
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    },
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    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
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      "importerIso3": "CZE",
      "exporterName": "Turkey",
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    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "exporterIso3": "TUR",
      "importerIso3": "JPN",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "preferentialTariffPct": 0.017090602010402023,
      "tariffAdvantagePp": 0.02351164237190101,
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      "historicalPeakUsd": 16286285.628472026,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1995,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 66.43265599675293,
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      "trendLabel": "Declining"
    },
    {
      "rank": 16,
      "exporterIso3": "TUR",
      "importerIso3": "ESP",
      "exporterName": "Turkey",
      "importerName": "Spain",
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      "ftaKnown": true,
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      "distanceKm": 2744,
      "historicalPeakUsd": 12149079.184979182,
      "historicalPeakYear": 1995,
      "latestBelowPeakPct": 56.572117150520725,
      "yearsWithData": 30,
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    },
    {
      "rank": 17,
      "exporterIso3": "TUR",
      "importerIso3": "RUS",
      "exporterName": "Turkey",
      "importerName": "Russia",
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