{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806) (HS4 2508) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806) at HS4 2508, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2508",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2508/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2508/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2508/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/2508/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "2508",
    "name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806)"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806) subsector recorded $2.4B in reported global trade in 2024, with -1.6% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 2428992448.760613,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -1.6241098853800129,
    "activeExporters": 163,
    "activeImporters": 196,
    "activeHs6Products": 6
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.4176456576816543,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 2.4209571277996167,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 2535295627.4105353,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2021,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1667.2420657605223,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 651.4579935002026,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.3640524099558191
  },
  "annualRows": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 781444623.3263419,
      "corridor_count": 1813,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 797643563.7980266,
      "corridor_count": 1848,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 822417135.5993196,
      "corridor_count": 1837,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 801791055.7299911,
      "corridor_count": 1888,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 822354533.9812227,
      "corridor_count": 2064,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 853792580.6810243,
      "corridor_count": 2421,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 877153708.9626789,
      "corridor_count": 2479,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 889165892.2027304,
      "corridor_count": 2613,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1039037218.3352048,
      "corridor_count": 2653,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1339725980.682124,
      "corridor_count": 2749,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1321106140.8373976,
      "corridor_count": 2794,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1443091091.0728016,
      "corridor_count": 2988,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1656522232.69019,
      "corridor_count": 3028,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2022773859.2781677,
      "corridor_count": 3165,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1382892305.5296955,
      "corridor_count": 3155,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1848045833.3059397,
      "corridor_count": 3225,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2018524807.6019802,
      "corridor_count": 3439,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1982285496.8653586,
      "corridor_count": 3538,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2020080653.709557,
      "corridor_count": 3501,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2109903806.2498455,
      "corridor_count": 3584,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1933518388.1157947,
      "corridor_count": 3668,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 1912181244.7159264,
      "corridor_count": 3580,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2109394762.7267203,
      "corridor_count": 3654,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2265214171.3089623,
      "corridor_count": 3734,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2155172389.722171,
      "corridor_count": 3778,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2002547478.3695073,
      "corridor_count": 3709,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2535295627.4105353,
      "corridor_count": 3909,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2524412204.307749,
      "corridor_count": 3972,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2375143162.8392243,
      "corridor_count": 3996,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "hs4": 2508,
      "global_trade_usd": 2428992448.760613,
      "corridor_count": 4058,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    }
  ],
  "corridors": [
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 1,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "CAN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 90937080.8169493,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 93623902.06500484,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 87080719.61842056,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 77113372.16924134,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 4.3874017563116485,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.3973960954077898,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.798934223470396,
      "historical_peak_usd": 100695314.78410488,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 9.690852040214251,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -9.69085204021425,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.5884675328412525,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 556,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.045807528214990095,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.07513050048545458,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.043961979603501,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.031168520881953585,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "UKR",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 70008749.91209334,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 45247859.92636424,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 66635506.15888979,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 83619851.62019436,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -18.494430830931808,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -7.014019186143383,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -1.5685613683392163,
      "historical_peak_usd": 129297601.6809345,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 45.85456419767727,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 131.02567257829526,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -16.92586946259259,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1679,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.020931186810076635,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04883497429885057,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.0185581930502177,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.030276781248632874,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Ukraine",
      "importer_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 3,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "MEX",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 54921291.30543469,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 55296405.323063694,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 53665680.97432603,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 51370189.78378995,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -3.357277445216311,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 1.858472058323568,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.65524564808175,
      "historical_peak_usd": 60846173.4993869,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 9.737477072427424,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 1.0655071245004866,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.012523093298061,
      "trend_label": "Declining",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 3359,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.09682042786095757,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.1360029642040404,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.004818716757840405,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1311842474462,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 4,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 54535339.21297723,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 52683532.75091904,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 49645254.68939696,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 45855645.19908728,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 3.3483856286222746,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.5244080550221915,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.982174450162711,
      "historical_peak_usd": 54968558.418955155,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0.7881218253461318,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 12.335830273877768,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.3662111784595634,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 579,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Netherlands",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "JPN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 41435078.19193305,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 41718352.63704333,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 40001006.680104405,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 39606747.600535735,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -0.6392139929730201,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -0.5941459272984728,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.4263543387138533,
      "historical_peak_usd": 47786760.491988115,
      "historical_peak_year": 2008,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 13.29171978736659,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 10.42275823573149,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.0655683316868734,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 10872,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04055785931159596,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.040602244382303025,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.028737436999999994,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.011864807382303031,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 6,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 28,
      "exports_latest_usd": 37740052.80780345,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 36624114.32621967,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 33973573.25480102,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 24530971.219290428,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 9.567821413707843,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.935050682031841,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 16.79724747095397,
      "historical_peak_usd": 37740052.80780345,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 4.744871637920545,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 70.37037037037037,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.229426057246126,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 3,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 2215,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.041587624425541425,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.05920413126868687,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.007416302846205456,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.05178782842248142,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Turkey",
      "importer_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "IND",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 33719362.384392254,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 34134643.22397557,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 28930097.5306534,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 21668287.17711588,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 9.832246644846565,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 16.376506561656655,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 8.402855479417791,
      "historical_peak_usd": 38871035.946484715,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 13.253244830379545,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -13.25324483037955,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 1.4293911654287736,
      "trend_label": "Growing",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 4252,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.5307908369111112,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.5323102001373737,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.07929677931515151,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.45301342082222223,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 8,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHN",
      "importer_iso3": "JPN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 33667303.58568744,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 36314512.1734624,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 37987985.19986482,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 39077972.50682493,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -12.651337747669167,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -4.78250833560857,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.5487124265414645,
      "historical_peak_usd": 55955531.05806938,
      "historical_peak_year": 2008,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 39.83203635267391,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 0.05758449101602725,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -12.102625321127704,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1763,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.019320016547984244,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04060224438230303,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.016483489491008082,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.02411875489129495,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 32051051.08131933,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 26141025.104872644,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 20255429.46214021,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 17054039.43269423,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 44.526413812031265,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 18.235868902353513,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 6.915316501699342,
      "historical_peak_usd": 32051051.08131933,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 30.19502688876914,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 37.61109731033192,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1366,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Spain",
      "importer_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 2508,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "CHN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 30629498.12612655,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 26981209.847246204,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 26563030.265678417,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 24883107.411352314,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 0.10744853762794104,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 9.25684982863082,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.3869745801811115,
      "historical_peak_usd": 30629498.12612655,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 21.640205604830687,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.2795260425531705,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 11883,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.30189875567878777,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "China"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 428354232.14134145,
      "imports_usd": 51919219.26838883,
      "trade_balance_usd": 376435012.87295264,
      "export_partner_count": 148,
      "import_partner_count": 58,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 324032104.31655616,
      "imports_usd": 78760145.65019083,
      "trade_balance_usd": 245271958.66636533,
      "export_partner_count": 163,
      "import_partner_count": 72,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TUR",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 177895847.98262608,
      "imports_usd": 35256597.58180931,
      "trade_balance_usd": 142639250.40081677,
      "export_partner_count": 128,
      "import_partner_count": 63,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IND",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 154336392.67885748,
      "imports_usd": 73040504.08050571,
      "trade_balance_usd": 81295888.59835176,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 55,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "India"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 148932956.7403941,
      "imports_usd": 184530103.4505515,
      "trade_balance_usd": -35597146.710157424,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 72,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 145361461.09564605,
      "imports_usd": 92306321.74396847,
      "trade_balance_usd": 53055139.35167758,
      "export_partner_count": 127,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "UKR",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 141491047.86609176,
      "imports_usd": 12300161.714688033,
      "trade_balance_usd": 129190886.15140373,
      "export_partner_count": 40,
      "import_partner_count": 32,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Ukraine"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 130522614.57050923,
      "imports_usd": 162950622.73205587,
      "trade_balance_usd": -32428008.161546648,
      "export_partner_count": 94,
      "import_partner_count": 74,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 106785061.86779065,
      "imports_usd": 101994953.25728476,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4790108.610505894,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ZAF",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 52169018.25703428,
      "imports_usd": 17103411.06422648,
      "trade_balance_usd": 35065607.1928078,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
      "import_partner_count": 50,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "South Africa"
    }
  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 34562279.32923709,
      "imports_usd": 226844726.7646265,
      "trade_balance_usd": -192282447.4353894,
      "export_partner_count": 115,
      "import_partner_count": 59,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 148932956.7403941,
      "imports_usd": 184530103.4505515,
      "trade_balance_usd": -35597146.710157424,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 72,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 130522614.57050923,
      "imports_usd": 162950622.73205587,
      "trade_balance_usd": -32428008.161546648,
      "export_partner_count": 94,
      "import_partner_count": 74,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 21177720.08114374,
      "imports_usd": 108933362.85911064,
      "trade_balance_usd": -87755642.7779669,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
      "import_partner_count": 60,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 106785061.86779065,
      "imports_usd": 101994953.25728476,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4790108.610505894,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "POL",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 21712237.03047932,
      "imports_usd": 98637661.71028319,
      "trade_balance_usd": -76925424.67980388,
      "export_partner_count": 71,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 145361461.09564605,
      "imports_usd": 92306321.74396847,
      "trade_balance_usd": 53055139.35167758,
      "export_partner_count": 127,
      "import_partner_count": 73,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 31654755.15712,
      "imports_usd": 84982301.42329806,
      "trade_balance_usd": -53327546.26617806,
      "export_partner_count": 56,
      "import_partner_count": 39,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 324032104.31655616,
      "imports_usd": 78760145.65019083,
      "trade_balance_usd": 245271958.66636533,
      "export_partner_count": 163,
      "import_partner_count": 72,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 2508,
      "exports_usd": 11371873.035626294,
      "imports_usd": 74269160.08036716,
      "trade_balance_usd": -62897287.04474087,
      "export_partner_count": 38,
      "import_partner_count": 30,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "250810",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): bentonite, whether or not calcined"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250820",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): decolourising"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250830",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): fireclay, whether or not calcined"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250840",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): n.e.c. in heading no. 2508, whether or not calcined"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250850",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, whether or not calcined"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250860",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): mullite"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "250870",
      "product_name": "Clays (excluding expanded clays of heading no. 6806): chamotte or dinas earths"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}