{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Starch (HS4 1108) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for starch at HS4 1108, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1108",
  "publisher": {
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1108/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1108/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1108/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1108/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "1108",
    "name": "Starch"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The starch subsector recorded $6.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with -0.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 6710071671.4967,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -0.6934569039128681,
    "activeExporters": 155,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 6
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 4.113806700105549,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 6.757144457218467,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 7028250102.640565,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 75.86206896551724,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1881.1351801182802,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1332.9196460570108,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.6445804912649947
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 973627687.1410246,
      "corridor_count": 1682,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 991269453.0188457,
      "corridor_count": 1755,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 890291309.2102047,
      "corridor_count": 1788,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 803197373.4553404,
      "corridor_count": 1783,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 812438562.6542594,
      "corridor_count": 2040,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 883918732.9720594,
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    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 889126379.6458819,
      "corridor_count": 2448,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 957591298.0402906,
      "corridor_count": 2530,
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    },
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      "year": 2003,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1141861567.7315106,
      "corridor_count": 2548,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 1108,
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      "corridor_count": 2687,
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      "year": 2006,
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    },
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      "year": 2007,
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      "global_trade_usd": 2243421896.4221644,
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      "corridor_count": 2970,
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    },
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      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 2274917530.1355963,
      "corridor_count": 3078,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 2875228827.9626064,
      "corridor_count": 3232,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 1108,
      "global_trade_usd": 3760376212.3577075,
      "corridor_count": 3358,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2012,
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      "corridor_count": 3434,
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    },
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      "year": 2013,
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      "corridor_count": 3471,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4041827900.948033,
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      "year": 2015,
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      "year": 2017,
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    },
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      "year": 2018,
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      "year": 2019,
      "hs4": 1108,
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      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 4822869793.192793,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "exporter_name": "Viet Nam",
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      "exporter_name": "Thailand",
      "importer_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 1108,
      "corridor_rank": 9,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 80380312.57176854,
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      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 90529622.68193826,
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      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.3510331526624952,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.842096190236324,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.315015393579924,
      "historical_peak_usd": 107475428.8362408,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 25.210521658635866,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -25.210521658635866,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.963982240917429,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 579,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "hs4": 1108,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "IND",
      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
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      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 27,
      "exports_latest_usd": 71149699.62483317,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 51512323.83787104,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 46215712.44109851,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 29933864.456863344,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 10.66392542831398,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 31.937341840066136,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 15.037129559360762,
      "historical_peak_usd": 71149699.62483317,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 78.42698845585987,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 53.84615384615385,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -4.373204131046782,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 4,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 4999,
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      "exporter_name": "India",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
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  ],
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    {
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      "trade_balance_usd": 1531706723.1752758,
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
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    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": 976654631.6906198,
      "export_partner_count": 82,
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Viet Nam"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
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      "trade_balance_usd": 314630124.1731686,
      "export_partner_count": 92,
      "import_partner_count": 46,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Denmark"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BEL",
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      "exports_usd": 325252515.83653724,
      "imports_usd": 70625395.01802072,
      "trade_balance_usd": 254627120.81851652,
      "export_partner_count": 113,
      "import_partner_count": 57,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "exports_usd": 272294951.02337605,
      "imports_usd": 11901207.45545983,
      "trade_balance_usd": 260393743.5679162,
      "export_partner_count": 143,
      "import_partner_count": 35,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
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    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 202844855.77791393,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10301537.612059265,
      "export_partner_count": 131,
      "import_partner_count": 82,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "imports_usd": 437370774.83243066,
      "trade_balance_usd": -257466517.20617068,
      "export_partner_count": 119,
      "import_partner_count": 84,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUT",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 145386597.8495798,
      "imports_usd": 33211471.16895545,
      "trade_balance_usd": 112175126.68062437,
      "export_partner_count": 73,
      "import_partner_count": 47,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Austria"
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  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "exports_usd": 88015412.58894886,
      "imports_usd": 2093899556.2012377,
      "trade_balance_usd": -2005884143.6122887,
      "export_partner_count": 143,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "export_partner_count": 119,
      "import_partner_count": 84,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "exports_usd": 482078329.2859601,
      "imports_usd": 325955140.9487036,
      "trade_balance_usd": 156123188.3372565,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 74,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IDN",
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      "exports_usd": 44261088.56418757,
      "imports_usd": 300795602.85274065,
      "trade_balance_usd": -256534514.28855306,
      "export_partner_count": 44,
      "import_partner_count": 37,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Indonesia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TWN",
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      "imports_usd": 242167919.7379262,
      "trade_balance_usd": -237389467.154881,
      "export_partner_count": 53,
      "import_partner_count": 36,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Taiwan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MYS",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 15850268.374100927,
      "imports_usd": 240758141.25881976,
      "trade_balance_usd": -224907872.88471884,
      "export_partner_count": 32,
      "import_partner_count": 45,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Malaysia"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 192543318.16585466,
      "imports_usd": 202844855.77791393,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10301537.612059265,
      "export_partner_count": 131,
      "import_partner_count": 82,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 396620418.7401562,
      "imports_usd": 186951759.54810745,
      "trade_balance_usd": 209668659.19204873,
      "export_partner_count": 132,
      "import_partner_count": 80,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 6906408.492887123,
      "imports_usd": 186203544.90370086,
      "trade_balance_usd": -179297136.41081375,
      "export_partner_count": 75,
      "import_partner_count": 66,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs4": 1108,
      "exports_usd": 44910817.41834379,
      "imports_usd": 164860402.03508967,
      "trade_balance_usd": -119949584.61674589,
      "export_partner_count": 49,
      "import_partner_count": 31,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "110811",
      "product_name": "Starch: wheat"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110812",
      "product_name": "Starch: maize (corn) starch"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110813",
      "product_name": "Starch: potato"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110814",
      "product_name": "Starch: manioc (cassava)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110819",
      "product_name": "Starch: n.e.s. in item no. 1108.11 to 1108.14"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110820",
      "product_name": "Inulin"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}