{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Cereal grains (HS4 1104) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for cereal grains at HS4 1104, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1104",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
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        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1104/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1104/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1104/index.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
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    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "1104",
    "name": "Cereal grains"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The cereal grains subsector recorded $2.2B in reported global trade in 2024, with -14.1% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 2221229148.928315,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -14.125343167416704,
    "activeExporters": 161,
    "activeImporters": 198,
    "activeHs6Products": 6
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -1.0941837129984977,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 5.722110056548413,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 2745362166.9373107,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 62.06896551724138,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1125.775859154948,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1147.5629979686314,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5232155174916541
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 989369099.6659182,
      "corridor_count": 1329,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 596302209.1337488,
      "corridor_count": 1386,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 315104743.94131416,
      "corridor_count": 1342,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 292489715.96524376,
      "corridor_count": 1437,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 378313985.86166674,
      "corridor_count": 1509,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 365482013.7887986,
      "corridor_count": 1803,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 443197799.2158034,
      "corridor_count": 1859,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 599945595.8456268,
      "corridor_count": 1960,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 779585443.1870532,
      "corridor_count": 2031,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 832450085.6139408,
      "corridor_count": 2184,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 871318476.253905,
      "corridor_count": 2250,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1060564407.9209553,
      "corridor_count": 2305,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1337503903.1394272,
      "corridor_count": 2447,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1126773087.3249655,
      "corridor_count": 2485,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 966843664.2330512,
      "corridor_count": 2593,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1013741411.7348008,
      "corridor_count": 2732,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1525721245.3200862,
      "corridor_count": 2815,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1446510009.303335,
      "corridor_count": 2962,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1427546532.1021051,
      "corridor_count": 3026,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1441428841.9777164,
      "corridor_count": 3241,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1397656722.2376122,
      "corridor_count": 3327,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1431804244.7806368,
      "corridor_count": 3461,
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    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1452976426.0871327,
      "corridor_count": 3501,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1659742072.4062743,
      "corridor_count": 3582,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1681760903.002711,
      "corridor_count": 3712,
      "active_hs6_count": 6
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs4": 1104,
      "global_trade_usd": 1892880510.920629,
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    {
      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
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      "corridor_rank": 9,
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      "importer_iso3": "JPN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 28090141.569286965,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 38813605.76388732,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 36497618.15654767,
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      "latest_below_peak_pct": 36.698644582407866,
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      "trend_acceleration_pct": -11.813082289464472,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "active_hs6_count": 5,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 1763,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.019320016547984244,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:37:48",
      "exporter_name": "China",
      "importer_name": "Japan"
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      "importer_iso3": "COL",
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      "latest_data_year": 2024,
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      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 4.558618104605672,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 24.731664556550825,
      "historical_peak_usd": 28274032.985475868,
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      "latest_below_peak_pct": 6.3265769517186525,
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      "trend_label": "Stable",
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      "distance_km": 4229,
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      "exporter_name": "Chile",
      "importer_name": "Colombia"
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      "import_partner_count": 86,
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      "country_name": "Russia"
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Australia"
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      "imports_usd": 39040446.066975616,
      "trade_balance_usd": 50967303.29492859,
      "export_partner_count": 123,
      "import_partner_count": 68,
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      "imports_usd": 45436062.97507639,
      "trade_balance_usd": 40302245.365739614,
      "export_partner_count": 108,
      "import_partner_count": 51,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
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      "exports_usd": 65558075.29353793,
      "imports_usd": 61188182.60338108,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4369892.690156847,
      "export_partner_count": 124,
      "import_partner_count": 38,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "imports_usd": 65636166.82353509,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10359776.963662326,
      "export_partner_count": 115,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
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      "export_partner_count": 123,
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
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      "imports_usd": 135014696.68713596,
      "trade_balance_usd": -90958575.5033139,
      "export_partner_count": 121,
      "import_partner_count": 76,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
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      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "export_partner_count": 123,
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      "country_name": "Germany"
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      "imports_usd": 84188047.04784673,
      "trade_balance_usd": -81108369.91633381,
      "export_partner_count": 17,
      "import_partner_count": 16,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
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      "imports_usd": 77092477.45778367,
      "trade_balance_usd": -29128572.955832258,
      "export_partner_count": 86,
      "import_partner_count": 43,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 68141497.55961722,
      "trade_balance_usd": -27529532.519373067,
      "export_partner_count": 109,
      "import_partner_count": 32,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -10359776.963662326,
      "export_partner_count": 115,
      "import_partner_count": 85,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "exports_usd": 65558075.29353793,
      "imports_usd": 61188182.60338108,
      "trade_balance_usd": 4369892.690156847,
      "export_partner_count": 124,
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      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 57659212.33302839,
      "trade_balance_usd": -56832981.44121675,
      "export_partner_count": 35,
      "import_partner_count": 38,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs4": 1104,
      "exports_usd": 38244777.80006611,
      "imports_usd": 45674638.74058484,
      "trade_balance_usd": -7429860.940518729,
      "export_partner_count": 79,
      "import_partner_count": 49,
      "active_hs6_count": 6,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    }
  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "110411",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: rolled or flaked, of barley"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110412",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: rolled or flaked, of oats"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110419",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: rolled or flaked, other than oats"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110421",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: worked (eg hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled) of barley"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110422",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: worked (egg hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled) of oats"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110423",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: worked (egg hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled) of maize (corn)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110429",
      "product_name": "Cereal grains: worked, other than rolled or flaked (egg. Hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled) of cereals, excluding oats and maize, and rice of heading no.1006"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "110430",
      "product_name": "Cereal: germ of cereals, whole, rolled, flaked or ground"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}