{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Cereals (HS4 1008) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for cereals at HS4 1008, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1008",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1008/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1008/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1008/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1008/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "1008",
    "name": "Cereals"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The cereals subsector recorded $1.2B in reported global trade in 2024, with +0.7% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 1196604116.0183072,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 0.6882741626652209,
    "activeExporters": 154,
    "activeImporters": 196,
    "activeHs6Products": 8
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -0.2660349072041046,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 3.6387872380255093,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 1280963425.4310403,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 72.41379310344827,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2624.028854808136,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1372.6710769760155,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.56903422929464
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 202814993.17973357,
      "corridor_count": 1089,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 253577518.25912482,
      "corridor_count": 1173,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 240830661.71922737,
      "corridor_count": 1080,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 253777622.71691838,
      "corridor_count": 1119,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 229403144.39170352,
      "corridor_count": 1212,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 1008,
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      "corridor_count": 1357,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 265910808.90159774,
      "corridor_count": 1525,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 285556514.53566074,
      "corridor_count": 1700,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 303844965.63585716,
      "corridor_count": 1686,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 308550855.34777874,
      "corridor_count": 1700,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "corridor_count": 1774,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 1008,
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      "corridor_count": 1836,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 437464555.35052085,
      "corridor_count": 1782,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
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      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 1899,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 559292193.4052562,
      "corridor_count": 1985,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 625212761.5040442,
      "corridor_count": 2033,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 746571726.1477121,
      "corridor_count": 2167,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 763172699.8640047,
      "corridor_count": 2231,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
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      "global_trade_usd": 989523360.5635967,
      "corridor_count": 2312,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 1223641989.329567,
      "corridor_count": 2611,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1093730122.1789322,
      "corridor_count": 2744,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 915558132.4070134,
      "corridor_count": 2825,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 1008,
      "global_trade_usd": 936196019.7009815,
      "corridor_count": 2827,
      "active_hs6_count": 8
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 925670704.0548822,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8
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      "year": 2019,
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      "corridor_count": 2994,
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    {
      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 1204104373.7650092,
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "distance_km": 556,
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      "export_partner_count": 70,
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      "trade_balance_usd": -48870558.34899383,
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    },
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      "trade_balance_usd": -33938990.541517705,
      "export_partner_count": 80,
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      "active_hs6_count": 8,
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    },
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      "imports_usd": 42425004.11444618,
      "trade_balance_usd": -41923740.35754026,
      "export_partner_count": 12,
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    },
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "100810",
      "product_name": "Cereals: buckwheat"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100820",
      "product_name": "Cereals: millet"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100821",
      "product_name": "Cereals: millet, seed"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100829",
      "product_name": "Cereals: millet, other than seed"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100830",
      "product_name": "Cereals: canary seeds"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100840",
      "product_name": "Cereals: fonio (Digitaria spp.)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100850",
      "product_name": "Cereals: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100860",
      "product_name": "Cereals: triticale"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100890",
      "product_name": "Cereals: n.e.s. in chapter 10"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}