{
  "pageType": "HS4 subsector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Cereals (HS4 1005) Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for cereals at HS4 1005, including scale, trend, corridors, countries, and the HS6 products within this subsector.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1005",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
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    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1005/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1005/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1005/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs4/1005/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
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  "subsector": {
    "hs4": "1005",
    "name": "Cereals"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:09"
  },
  "answer": "The cereals subsector recorded $50.1B in reported global trade in 2024, with -9.3% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 50125254885.38749,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -9.34103066391292,
    "activeExporters": 160,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 2
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Declining",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": -3.2749712145995646,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 6.253674874018977,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 67046828777.67311,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 58.62068965517241,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1280.8549460236145,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 399.32066854966274,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.6063888362405078
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 10248354291.45402,
      "corridor_count": 1413,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 11854021828.68582,
      "corridor_count": 1432,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 9908474865.749947,
      "corridor_count": 1498,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 1998,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 9043034938.788124,
      "corridor_count": 1518,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 8855951896.479622,
      "corridor_count": 1616,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2000,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 9036629834.218536,
      "corridor_count": 1998,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 9134702556.087025,
      "corridor_count": 2028,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 10331423112.398157,
      "corridor_count": 2218,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 11696629976.09848,
      "corridor_count": 2312,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 12885416435.660454,
      "corridor_count": 2320,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 12085117628.716013,
      "corridor_count": 2345,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
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      "year": 2006,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 13898415546.077665,
      "corridor_count": 2475,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 21826586853.561485,
      "corridor_count": 2371,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
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      "corridor_count": 2564,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 20254196976.803867,
      "corridor_count": 2677,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 23785243998.694267,
      "corridor_count": 2678,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 34687201006.63784,
      "corridor_count": 2786,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 36686611800.43997,
      "corridor_count": 3084,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 35653857487.98242,
      "corridor_count": 2987,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 34433777717.98325,
      "corridor_count": 3157,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 30356178270.766933,
      "corridor_count": 3224,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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      "global_trade_usd": 30351417893.1522,
      "corridor_count": 3207,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs4": 1005,
      "global_trade_usd": 31319538095.464558,
      "corridor_count": 3255,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
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      "global_trade_usd": 35536324640.79477,
      "corridor_count": 3217,
      "active_hs6_count": 2
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    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "global_trade_usd": 37011509404.8517,
      "corridor_count": 3322,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 38432019489.7045,
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      "active_hs6_count": 2
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      "year": 2021,
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  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "100510",
      "product_name": "Cereals: maize (corn), seed"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "100590",
      "product_name": "Cereals: maize (corn), other than seed"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS4.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}