{
  "pageType": "HS2 sector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Preparations of cereals (HS2 19) Sector Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for the preparations of cereals sector at HS2 19, including scale, trend, market structure, corridors, exporters, importers, and HS6 products.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/19",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks",
    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/19/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/19/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/19/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/19/index.ld.json",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
    "responsibleAi": "https://www.yugalinks.com/responsible-ai"
  },
  "sector": {
    "hs2": "19",
    "name": "Preparations of cereals"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:08"
  },
  "answer": "The preparations of cereals sector recorded $109.6B in reported global trade in 2024, with +4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 109616734168.1755,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": 3.9625672032233186,
    "activeExporters": 194,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 19
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Growing",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 8.248061213722679,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 7.188932733852549,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 109616734168.1755,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2024,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 89.65517241379311,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 1281.2063813589145,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 603.8836815746586,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.5878087142925443
  },
  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 12330902671.495329,
      "corridor_count": 5550,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 13804624811.192186,
      "corridor_count": 5786,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 13921025808.666492,
      "corridor_count": 5816,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 14006974500.398178,
      "corridor_count": 5982,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 16113816724.19539,
      "corridor_count": 6338,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 16039604951.969894,
      "corridor_count": 7241,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 17279903981.006714,
      "corridor_count": 7279,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 19398905486.35602,
      "corridor_count": 7624,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 23253738664.564663,
      "corridor_count": 7966,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 27296912849.583344,
      "corridor_count": 8075,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 29830585363.553917,
      "corridor_count": 8341,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 32690695634.233047,
      "corridor_count": 8591,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 38608865827.199104,
      "corridor_count": 8798,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 46749632886.37206,
      "corridor_count": 9084,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 44530831996.9868,
      "corridor_count": 9337,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 47141381625.392494,
      "corridor_count": 9376,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 57645388861.555305,
      "corridor_count": 9672,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 56954742990.17688,
      "corridor_count": 10047,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 62687329443.91511,
      "corridor_count": 10034,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 66358441804.63688,
      "corridor_count": 10443,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 63007184485.439255,
      "corridor_count": 10704,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 64905346848.55484,
      "corridor_count": 10832,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 69377088898.37813,
      "corridor_count": 10965,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 75389487425.93774,
      "corridor_count": 11162,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 77468852890.9206,
      "corridor_count": 11331,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "hs2": 19,
      "global_trade_usd": 79978070801.37953,
      "corridor_count": 11330,
      "active_hs6_count": 19
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "hs2": 19,
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    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
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      "global_trade_usd": 95500414050.45386,
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      "year": 2023,
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    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "corridor_rank": 9,
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      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 1064753388.4532983,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 979454118.1093992,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 843926958.199475,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 696368667.9590598,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 16.43919126514635,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 14.617692725991983,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 11.438638058775208,
      "historical_peak_usd": 1064753388.4532983,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": 2.9776455495429177,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 86.20689655172414,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 5.000553206371141,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 518,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.03985311450096296,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.04544072754526749,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.01044495665218107,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.03499577089308642,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:35:25",
      "exporter_name": "Poland",
      "importer_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "hs2": 19,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "DEU",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 1062932087.4750463,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1013820461.0950727,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 905621639.0596611,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 772771985.5695034,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 10.568171995220666,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 8.996333326621953,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.550325397272493,
      "historical_peak_usd": 1108920032.3221712,
      "historical_peak_year": 2023,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 4.147092982964907,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -4.147092982964907,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 72.41379310344827,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 5.017846597948173,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 579,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:35:25",
      "exporter_name": "Germany",
      "importer_name": "Netherlands"
    }
  ],
  "exporters": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "exports_usd": 10173272301.71527,
      "imports_usd": 7325374925.344133,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2847897376.3711357,
      "export_partner_count": 175,
      "import_partner_count": 131,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 9718318288.852337,
      "imports_usd": 2349345664.5952377,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7368972624.257099,
      "export_partner_count": 181,
      "import_partner_count": 99,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 7135729202.045332,
      "imports_usd": 4424430802.76808,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2711298399.277252,
      "export_partner_count": 137,
      "import_partner_count": 152,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 6835924142.662497,
      "imports_usd": 5624250597.369852,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1211673545.2926445,
      "export_partner_count": 189,
      "import_partner_count": 153,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 6584132736.189951,
      "imports_usd": 3979020529.357124,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2605112206.832827,
      "export_partner_count": 185,
      "import_partner_count": 128,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 5276442709.437622,
      "imports_usd": 16036723971.156246,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10760281261.718624,
      "export_partner_count": 181,
      "import_partner_count": 137,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "POL",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 5251164928.308426,
      "imports_usd": 1942673832.631361,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3308491095.677065,
      "export_partner_count": 174,
      "import_partner_count": 100,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Poland"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BEL",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 4889870246.707439,
      "imports_usd": 2921329837.257423,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1968540409.4500165,
      "export_partner_count": 184,
      "import_partner_count": 107,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 3734983012.3239546,
      "imports_usd": 1221577189.5502377,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2513405822.773717,
      "export_partner_count": 117,
      "import_partner_count": 57,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 3463973490.741825,
      "imports_usd": 2180637808.468252,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1283335682.273573,
      "export_partner_count": 173,
      "import_partner_count": 108,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Spain"
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  ],
  "importers": [
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "exports_usd": 5276442709.437622,
      "imports_usd": 16036723971.156246,
      "trade_balance_usd": -10760281261.718624,
      "export_partner_count": 181,
      "import_partner_count": 137,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 10173272301.71527,
      "imports_usd": 7325374925.344133,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2847897376.3711357,
      "export_partner_count": 175,
      "import_partner_count": 131,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GBR",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 2841902241.2564816,
      "imports_usd": 6935795410.889633,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4093893169.6331515,
      "export_partner_count": 171,
      "import_partner_count": 126,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "United Kingdom"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 6835924142.662497,
      "imports_usd": 5624250597.369852,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1211673545.2926445,
      "export_partner_count": 189,
      "import_partner_count": 153,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "France"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 2976943287.29306,
      "imports_usd": 5557218829.507447,
      "trade_balance_usd": -2580275542.2143874,
      "export_partner_count": 192,
      "import_partner_count": 105,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "China"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 7135729202.045332,
      "imports_usd": 4424430802.76808,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2711298399.277252,
      "export_partner_count": 137,
      "import_partner_count": 152,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 6584132736.189951,
      "imports_usd": 3979020529.357124,
      "trade_balance_usd": 2605112206.832827,
      "export_partner_count": 185,
      "import_partner_count": 128,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "BEL",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 4889870246.707439,
      "imports_usd": 2921329837.257423,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1968540409.4500165,
      "export_partner_count": 184,
      "import_partner_count": 107,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Belgium"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 9718318288.852337,
      "imports_usd": 2349345664.5952377,
      "trade_balance_usd": 7368972624.257099,
      "export_partner_count": 181,
      "import_partner_count": 99,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Italy"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs2": 19,
      "exports_usd": 3463973490.741825,
      "imports_usd": 2180637808.468252,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1283335682.273573,
      "export_partner_count": 173,
      "import_partner_count": 108,
      "active_hs6_count": 19,
      "country_name": "Spain"
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "190110",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: of flour, meal, starch, malt extract or milk products, for infant use, put up for retail sale"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190120",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: mixes and doughs for the preparation of bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and other bakers\\' wares"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190190",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: of flour, meal, starch, malt extract or milk products, for uses n.e.s. in heading no. 1901"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190211",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: pasta, containing eggs, uncooked, not stuffed or otherwise prepared"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190219",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: pasta, uncooked (excluding that containing eggs), not stuffed or otherwise prepared"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190220",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: pasta, stuffed (with meat or other substances), whether or not cooked or otherwise prepared"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190230",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: pasta (excluding stuffed), cooked or otherwise prepared"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190240",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: couscous"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190300",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: tapioca and substitutes thereof, prepared from starch in the form of flakes, grains, pearls, siftings or similar"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190410",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: obtained by the swelling or roasting of cereals or cereal products"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190420",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: obtained from unroasted cereal flakes or from mixtures of unroasted cereal flakes and roasted cereal flakes or swelled cereals"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190430",
      "product_name": "Prepared foods obtained by the swelling or roasting of cereals or cereal products (egg corn flakes): cereals, not maize (corn), in grain form or in the form of flakes or other worked grains, from bulgur wheat"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190490",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: cereal or cereal products (excluding maize), in grain form, pre-cooked or otherwise prepared"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190510",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: crispbread, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190520",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: gingerbread and the like, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190530",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: sweet biscuits, waffles and wafers, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190531",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: sweet biscuits, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190532",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: waffles and wafers, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190540",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: rusks, toasted bread and similar toasted products, whether or not containing cocoa"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "190590",
      "product_name": "Food preparations: bakers\\' wares n.e.c. in heading no. 1605, whether or not containing cocoa: communion wafers, empty cachets suitable for pharmaceutical use, sealing wafers, rice papers and similar products"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS2.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}