{
  "pageType": "HS2 sector trade overview",
  "source": "api",
  "title": "Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (HS2 12) Sector Trade Overview | Yugalinks",
  "description": "Review reported global trade for the oil seeds and oleaginous fruits sector at HS2 12, including scale, trend, market structure, corridors, exporters, importers, and HS6 products.",
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/12",
  "publisher": {
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    "sameAs": [
      "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
    ]
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-27)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-27",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/12/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/12/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/12/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/sector/hs2/12/index.ld.json",
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  },
  "internalLinks": {
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app",
    "platform": "https://www.yugalinks.com/platform",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "dataCoverage": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-coverage",
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  "sector": {
    "hs2": "12",
    "name": "Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits"
  },
  "coverage": {
    "firstDataYear": 1995,
    "latestDataYear": 2024,
    "yearsWithData": 30,
    "refreshedAt": "2026-07-20 09:34:08"
  },
  "answer": "The oil seeds and oleaginous fruits sector recorded $135.7B in reported global trade in 2024, with -0.4% annual change.",
  "keyFigures": {
    "latestTradeUsd": 135690933082.92645,
    "latestAnnualChangePct": -0.4263570409402128,
    "activeExporters": 198,
    "activeImporters": 200,
    "activeHs6Products": 49
  },
  "growthAndStructure": {
    "trendLabel": "Stable",
    "tradeCagr3yPct": 0.21376524496941052,
    "tradeCagr5yPct": 6.848782175061152,
    "historicalPeakUsd": 154170252153.4617,
    "historicalPeakYear": 2022,
    "positiveGrowthYearSharePct": 79.3103448275862,
    "exporterConcentrationHhi": 2101.979410931656,
    "importerConcentrationHhi": 1616.7092535110323,
    "tradeVolatilityCv": 0.6324415209652153
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  "annualRows": [
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      "year": 1995,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 17549644051.067955,
      "corridor_count": 5611,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 20194873238.767628,
      "corridor_count": 5623,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 21413073608.529476,
      "corridor_count": 5700,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 19497849186.881893,
      "corridor_count": 5743,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 18893530313.31953,
      "corridor_count": 6123,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
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      "global_trade_usd": 20066659986.343117,
      "corridor_count": 6787,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 20853160490.151436,
      "corridor_count": 6884,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 21623513944.632233,
      "corridor_count": 7091,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 28072696718.556866,
      "corridor_count": 7156,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 31560424549.60784,
      "corridor_count": 7480,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
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      "year": 2005,
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      "global_trade_usd": 31422810323.06317,
      "corridor_count": 7680,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 32190748348.161495,
      "corridor_count": 7709,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 43940824125.950455,
      "corridor_count": 7935,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 66716945878.04647,
      "corridor_count": 8110,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 58613368358.72985,
      "corridor_count": 8261,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 67756929676.91734,
      "corridor_count": 8412,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 82105656826.15862,
      "corridor_count": 8770,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 92654482744.9441,
      "corridor_count": 9220,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 98598790718.1376,
      "corridor_count": 9447,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 100862987362.92929,
      "corridor_count": 9572,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 89029636420.1405,
      "corridor_count": 9706,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
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      "corridor_count": 9949,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "hs2": 12,
      "global_trade_usd": 98366854545.91675,
      "corridor_count": 10071,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "hs2": 12,
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      "corridor_count": 10332,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
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      "corridor_count": 10320,
      "active_hs6_count": 49
    },
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      "year": 2020,
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      "global_trade_usd": 109182923488.09766,
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    },
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      "year": 2021,
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      "year": 2022,
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      "exporter_name": "Brazil",
      "importer_name": "Thailand"
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      "hs2": 12,
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      "latest_data_year": 2024,
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      "exports_latest_usd": 1482799517.154156,
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      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.772138627957755,
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      "latest_below_peak_pct": 13.224390763391124,
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      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -4.638070379834014,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 15,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 8361,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.019276811614959602,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.05920413126868686,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": 0.01644805611296719,
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      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:35:25",
      "exporter_name": "Brazil",
      "importer_name": "Spain"
    },
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      "hs2": 12,
      "corridor_rank": 10,
      "exporter_iso3": "USA",
      "importer_iso3": "IDN",
      "first_data_year": 1995,
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "years_with_data": 30,
      "exports_latest_usd": 1198046345.1371183,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1213969662.2539947,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1126163790.1616616,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1028877316.00472,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.0276317122570164,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.1106448914912015,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.5105710192514943,
      "historical_peak_usd": 1241575105.7182493,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "latest_below_peak_pct": 3.5059305216940264,
      "yoy_growth_latest_pct": -0.35276010462004237,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.5170606930055222,
      "trend_label": "Stable",
      "active_hs6_count": 22,
      "access_data_year": 2024,
      "distance_km": 16181,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.17946165427272726,
      "mfn_tariff_pct": 0.17946165427272726,
      "preferential_tariff_pct": null,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:35:25",
      "exporter_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands",
      "importer_name": "Indonesia"
    }
  ],
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      "year": 2024,
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      "country_name": "Brazil"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "export_partner_count": 176,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CAN",
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      "exports_usd": 7854812087.057496,
      "imports_usd": 1294608276.5056293,
      "trade_balance_usd": 6560203810.551867,
      "export_partner_count": 135,
      "import_partner_count": 167,
      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Canada"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "CHN",
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      "imports_usd": 55795231803.34244,
      "trade_balance_usd": -51825984685.12402,
      "export_partner_count": 178,
      "import_partner_count": 119,
      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "China"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "AUS",
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      "exports_usd": 3727565028.220789,
      "imports_usd": 444390308.8849926,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3283174719.3357964,
      "export_partner_count": 141,
      "import_partner_count": 120,
      "active_hs6_count": 48,
      "country_name": "Australia"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "UKR",
      "hs2": 12,
      "exports_usd": 3665518822.8348446,
      "imports_usd": 364580150.8880597,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3300938671.946785,
      "export_partner_count": 106,
      "import_partner_count": 86,
      "active_hs6_count": 43,
      "country_name": "Ukraine"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "PRY",
      "hs2": 12,
      "exports_usd": 3397239337.5933313,
      "imports_usd": 32744806.239427436,
      "trade_balance_usd": 3364494531.353904,
      "export_partner_count": 101,
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      "active_hs6_count": 39,
      "country_name": "Paraguay"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ARG",
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      "exports_usd": 3349287683.8286643,
      "imports_usd": 3139106824.7362576,
      "trade_balance_usd": 210180859.09240675,
      "export_partner_count": 119,
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      "active_hs6_count": 45,
      "country_name": "Argentina"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "imports_usd": 3653801931.040302,
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      "export_partner_count": 177,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "FRA",
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      "exports_usd": 2616430352.4346366,
      "imports_usd": 2057027894.2610588,
      "trade_balance_usd": 559402458.1735778,
      "export_partner_count": 173,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "France"
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      "country_name": "China"
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "DEU",
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Germany"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "JPN",
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      "imports_usd": 4835430434.810947,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4690602393.791043,
      "export_partner_count": 142,
      "import_partner_count": 116,
      "active_hs6_count": 47,
      "country_name": "Japan"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "MEX",
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      "exports_usd": 223146507.3673422,
      "imports_usd": 4798971688.611284,
      "trade_balance_usd": -4575825181.243942,
      "export_partner_count": 109,
      "import_partner_count": 64,
      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Mexico"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "NLD",
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      "exports_usd": 3058485985.7831683,
      "imports_usd": 3653801931.040302,
      "trade_balance_usd": -595315945.2571335,
      "export_partner_count": 177,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Netherlands"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "exports_usd": 805646109.6711808,
      "imports_usd": 3200118838.0928903,
      "trade_balance_usd": -2394472728.4217095,
      "export_partner_count": 148,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Spain"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
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      "country_name": "Argentina"
    },
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      "country_iso3": "USA",
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      "export_partner_count": 176,
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      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "USA, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands"
    },
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      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "TUR",
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      "imports_usd": 2639412779.7587194,
      "trade_balance_usd": -1857356191.3879514,
      "export_partner_count": 164,
      "import_partner_count": 119,
      "active_hs6_count": 49,
      "country_name": "Turkey"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "IRN",
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      "exports_usd": 21100302.084711723,
      "imports_usd": 2415210571.6480746,
      "trade_balance_usd": -2394110269.563363,
      "export_partner_count": 60,
      "import_partner_count": 50,
      "active_hs6_count": 45,
      "country_name": "Iran (Islamic Republic of)"
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  ],
  "products": [
    {
      "hs_code": "120100",
      "product_name": "Soya beans: whether or not broken"
    },
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      "hs_code": "120110",
      "product_name": "Soya beans: seed, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120190",
      "product_name": "Soya beans: other than seed, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120210",
      "product_name": "Ground-nuts: in shell, not roasted or otherwise cooked"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120220",
      "product_name": "Ground-nuts: shelled, not roasted or otherwise cooked, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120230",
      "product_name": "Ground-nuts: seed, not roasted or otherwise cooked, whether or not shelled or broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120241",
      "product_name": "Ground-nuts: other than seed, not roasted or otherwise cooked, in shell"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120242",
      "product_name": "Ground-nuts: other than seed, not roasted or otherwise cooked, shelled, whether or not broken,"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120300",
      "product_name": "Copra"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120400",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: linseed, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120500",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: rape or colza seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120510",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: low erucic acid rape or colza seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120590",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: rape or colza seeds, other than low erucic, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120600",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: sunflower seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120710",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: palm nuts and kernels, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120720",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: cotton seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120721",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: cotton seeds, seed, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120729",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: cotton seeds, other than seed, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120730",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: castor oil seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120740",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: sesamum seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120750",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: mustard seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120760",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120770",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: melon seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120791",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds: poppy seeds, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120792",
      "product_name": "Oleaginous fruits: shea nuts (karite nuts)"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120799",
      "product_name": "Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits: n.e.c. in heading no. 1207, whether or not broken"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120810",
      "product_name": "Flours and meals: of soya beans"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120890",
      "product_name": "Flours and meals of oil seeds or oleaginous fruits: excluding soya beans and mustard seeds"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120910",
      "product_name": "Seed: sugar beet seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120911",
      "product_name": "Seed: sugar beet seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120919",
      "product_name": "Seed: beet seed, (excluding sugar beet), of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120921",
      "product_name": "Seed: lucerne (alfalfa) seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120922",
      "product_name": "Seeds of forage plants: clover (Trifolium spp.) seeds, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120923",
      "product_name": "Seeds of forage plants: fescue seeds, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120924",
      "product_name": "Seed: kentucky blue grass (poa pratensis l.) seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120925",
      "product_name": "Seeds of forage plants: rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium perenne L.) seeds, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120926",
      "product_name": "Seed: timothy grass seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120929",
      "product_name": "Seeds of forage plants: other than lucerne, clover, fescue, Kentucky blue grass, and rye grass seeds, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120930",
      "product_name": "Seed: of herbaceous plants cultivated principally for their flowers, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120991",
      "product_name": "Seed: vegetable seed, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "120999",
      "product_name": "Seeds: n.e.c. in heading 1209, of a kind used for sowing"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121010",
      "product_name": "Hop cones: neither ground nor powdered nor in the form of pellets"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121020",
      "product_name": "Hop cones: ground, powdered or in the form of pellets: lupulin"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121110",
      "product_name": "Liquorice roots used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes: fresh or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121120",
      "product_name": "Ginseng roots, used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes: fresh or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121130",
      "product_name": "Coca leaf: used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh or dried, whether or not crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121140",
      "product_name": "Poppy straw: used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh or dried, whether or not crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121150",
      "product_name": "Ephedra, of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121160",
      "product_name": "Bark of African cherry (Prunus africana): of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121190",
      "product_name": "Plants and parts (including seeds and fruits) n.e.c. in heading no. 1211, of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121210",
      "product_name": "Locust beans, including locust bean seeds: of a kind used primarily for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121220",
      "product_name": "Seaweeds and other algae: of a kind used primarily for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121221",
      "product_name": "Seaweeds and other algae: fit for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121229",
      "product_name": "Seaweeds and other algae: not fit for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121230",
      "product_name": "Apricot, peach (including nectarine) or plum stones and kernels: of a kind used primarily for human consumption"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121291",
      "product_name": "Sugar beet: of a kind used primarily for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121292",
      "product_name": "Locust beans (carob): fit for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121293",
      "product_name": "Sugar cane: fit for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121294",
      "product_name": "Chicory roots (Chicorium intybus sativum): fit for human consumption, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, whether or not ground"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121299",
      "product_name": "Vegetable products (including unroasted chicory roots, chicorium intybus sativum variety): n.e.c. in chapter 12, fresh, chilled, frozen or dried, ground or unground, primarily for human consumption"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121300",
      "product_name": "Cereal straw and husks: unprepared, whether or not chopped, ground, pressed or in the form of pellets"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121410",
      "product_name": "Lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": "121490",
      "product_name": "Forage products including swedes, mangolds, fodder roots, hay, sainfoin, clover, forage kale, lupines, vetches etc., pelletised or otherwise"
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations aggregated to HS2.",
    "calculatedIndicators": "Growth, concentration, volatility, and peak comparisons calculated from reported observations.",
    "missingData": "Missing values remain unavailable and are not imputed."
  }
}