{
  "template": "T19",
  "templateName": "Exporter Regional Trade Playbook",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp"
  },
  "branding": {
    "brandName": "Yugalinks",
    "header": "Shared Yugalinks trade navigation",
    "footer": "Shared Yugalinks trade footer",
    "logo": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/yugalinks-logo-v3-dark-mode.webp"
  },
  "seo": {
    "title": "Colombia Export Playbook for Africa | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Explore Colombia's export opportunities in Africa. Compare buyer markets, access conditions, products, and calculated trade potential.",
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/playbook/COL/region/africa",
    "robots": "index, follow"
  },
  "breadcrumbs": [
    {
      "name": "Home",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/"
    },
    {
      "name": "Trade data",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/"
    },
    {
      "name": "Colombia in Africa",
      "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/playbook/COL/region/africa"
    }
  ],
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "COL",
    "country_name": "Colombia"
  },
  "profile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "COL",
    "exports_usd": 55337279113.68444,
    "imports_usd": 61448904301.818245,
    "trade_balance_usd": -6111625188.133804,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -1.885712827844721,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": 3.43348211479082,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 7.222276465026112,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.3577574301079531,
    "export_partner_hhi": 1140.5760000652735,
    "export_product_hhi": 950.1838544018461,
    "momentum_score": 0.8466839600165288,
    "risk_score": 10.453799272335598,
    "gdp_million_usd": 418818.1548792711,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 7919.2088682534495,
    "population": 52886363,
    "labor_force": 28266.26,
    "investment_rate_pct": 21.76,
    "savings_rate_pct": 19.47,
    "secondary_education_pct": 77.87,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 28.89,
    "total_factor_productivity": 722.83,
    "trade_openness_pct": 23.764252743254925,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 11.260313921750043,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 42,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 9787.839506172839,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258194,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.77418617021276,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 15.555555555555555,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.1315806636858391,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.1376194926094697,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.03886810412021459,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.09875138848925512,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 9623.442364704093,
    "num_border_partners": 130,
    "num_colonial_partners": 25,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -9.882653246321857,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 73.56781241673328,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 3.037569944044764,
    "real_market_potential": 123429.5569802146,
    "foreign_market_potential": 9374.631160550322
  },
  "region": {
    "slug": "africa",
    "name": "Africa"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "totals": {
    "addressable_usd": 23072032155.82,
    "market_count": 9,
    "fta_count": 0,
    "average_distance_km": 8573.872721354166,
    "average_entry_days": 12.466666666666667
  },
  "markets": [
    {
      "iso3": "MAR",
      "country_name": "Morocco",
      "opportunity_count": 3,
      "addressable_usd": 6802468418.68,
      "trade_value_usd": 10610546668.023602,
      "tariff_total": 27,
      "tariff_count": 3,
      "distance_total": 23174.60888671875,
      "distance_count": 3,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 4435078022.01,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 7724.86962890625,
      "entry_days": 9
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ZAF",
      "country_name": "South Africa",
      "opportunity_count": 2,
      "addressable_usd": 3721796432.61,
      "trade_value_usd": 6747296972.534723,
      "tariff_total": 80,
      "tariff_count": 2,
      "distance_total": 21260.875,
      "distance_count": 2,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "topProductValue": 2219042305.67,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 10630.4375,
      "entry_days": 40
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TGO",
      "country_name": "Togo",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 2592569048.02,
      "trade_value_usd": 2427909037.818763,
      "tariff_total": 2.5,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 8462.072265625,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 2592569048.02,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 8462.072265625,
      "entry_days": 2.5
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CIV",
      "country_name": "CÃ´te d\\'Ivoire",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 2188967251.07,
      "trade_value_usd": 2230257985.270837,
      "tariff_total": 6,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 7873.85400390625,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "topProductValue": 2188967251.07,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 7873.85400390625,
      "entry_days": 6
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NGA",
      "country_name": "Nigeria",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 2122496731.2,
      "trade_value_usd": 3080432595.447777,
      "tariff_total": 7.2,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 8694.00390625,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 2122496731.2,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 8694.00390625,
      "entry_days": 7.2
    },
    {
      "iso3": "EGY",
      "country_name": "Egypt",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 1975479523.84,
      "trade_value_usd": 2870545493.5924325,
      "tariff_total": 12.5,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 11313.599609375,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 1975479523.84,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 11313.599609375,
      "entry_days": 12.5
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DZA",
      "country_name": "Algeria",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 1359442908.52,
      "trade_value_usd": 1048786404.86,
      "tariff_total": 18,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 8645.64453125,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Sugars: cane sugar, raw, in solid form, other than as specified in Subheading Note 2 to this chapter, not containing added flavouring or colouring matter",
      "topProductValue": 1359442908.52,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 8645.64453125,
      "entry_days": 18
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SEN",
      "country_name": "Senegal",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 1186731471.62,
      "trade_value_usd": 1944200050.4801786,
      "tariff_total": 6,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 6402.5576171875,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 1186731471.62,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 6402.5576171875,
      "entry_days": 6
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MLI",
      "country_name": "Mali",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 1122080370.26,
      "trade_value_usd": 1467604913.850503,
      "tariff_total": 11,
      "tariff_count": 1,
      "distance_total": 7417.8154296875,
      "distance_count": 1,
      "fta": 0,
      "topProduct": "Product not reported",
      "topProductValue": 1122080370.26,
      "risk": "Not reported",
      "average_distance_km": 7417.8154296875,
      "entry_days": 11
    }
  ],
  "opportunities": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "MAR",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 8260250625.329595,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 2293924562.8356385,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 8260250625.329595,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 17.9297,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 26.3523,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 45.616,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 13547617580.26,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 18841236396.53,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 132725.261467,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 3554,
      "buyer_population_latest": 37344.788,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 32.82,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 20.62,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 41.95,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 162760.18,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 4115.1,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 15.79,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 22.63,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 5.91,
      "exports_latest_usd": 8574.196060218916,
      "exports_avg_usd": 4755516.299576274,
      "exports_peak_usd": 8046737.26210823,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.00010380067686961732,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.18004688720198433,
      "share_peak_pct": 0.31952053743447323,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -0.22041252281774049,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.159708,
      "cagr_full_pct": -37.5237,
      "yoy_avg_pct": -35.1711,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -99.8934,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 50,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 3617.24,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 2034.7,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 32.737,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 4435078022.01,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 6168047847.14,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 32.737062869196905,
      "peer_top_exporter": "SAU",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 81,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 1772.7,
      "distance_km": 7724.86962890625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.21780000627040863,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 9,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7232066020006098,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.89344506001713,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 3,
      "lane_last_year": 2024,
      "rank": 218,
      "importer_name": "Morocco"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "TGO",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2427909037.818763,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 1197063269.611553,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 7396083099.9130745,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 12.3482,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 27.4291,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -38.9769,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 3442950313.91,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 4345732444.14,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 8413.200568,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 992,
      "buyer_population_latest": 8478.242,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 15.87,
      "buyer_savings_rate": -33.53,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 54.6,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 10206.04,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 1050.26,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 5.87,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 21.31,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 14.58,
      "exports_latest_usd": 460.00082931266684,
      "exports_avg_usd": 14982898.17827025,
      "exports_peak_usd": 76226748.28903487,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.00002415765524472641,
      "share_avg_pct": 1.4880349768941037,
      "share_peak_pct": 8.14602550701134,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -2.105934953485199,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.000582,
      "cagr_full_pct": -28.5711,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 14976.253,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -99.9984,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 50,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 194.06,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 109.16,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 75.3008,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 2592569048.02,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 3272371192.85,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 75.30082177715657,
      "peer_top_exporter": "IND",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 47,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 5808.09,
      "distance_km": 8462.072265625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 2.5,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.791782765017684,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.99939653620332,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 7,
      "lane_last_year": 2018,
      "rank": 376,
      "importer_name": "Togo"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "ZAF",
      "hs_code": "270900",
      "hs_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "hs_chapter": "27",
      "hs_heading": "2709",
      "price_range_label": "Unclassified",
      "trade_type_label": "Two-way trade",
      "substitution_elasticity": -12.554918,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4908365760.846344,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 8318136489.251394,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 16836315943.544598,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 1.1476,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 5.3095,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 5.1819,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.5,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 5079304559.11,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 5196558393.3,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 419946.428126,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 6994,
      "buyer_population_latest": 60041.996,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 19.8,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 19.18,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 86.3,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 433176.51,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 6796.3,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": -2.83,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 3.15,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 6.15,
      "exports_latest_usd": 30341191.182658844,
      "exports_avg_usd": 82220856.6351016,
      "exports_peak_usd": 159060227.696947,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.4677804806735276,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.736345758706912,
      "share_peak_pct": 1.4111665556529502,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -0.9433860749794226,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.055861,
      "cagr_full_pct": -9.0442,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 70.6676,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -71.8198,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 40,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 22830936.13,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 18887933.6,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 43.6879,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 2219042305.67,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 2270268062.18,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 44.15569641178137,
      "peer_top_exporter": "NGA",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 18,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 2661.31,
      "distance_km": 10630.4375,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 40,
      "shared_legal_system": 0,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5885247149098062,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 80.92471535972709,
      "signal_flag": "Slowing",
      "lane_data_years": 6,
      "lane_last_year": 2016,
      "rank": 446,
      "importer_name": "South Africa"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "CIV",
      "hs_code": "270900",
      "hs_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "hs_chapter": "27",
      "hs_heading": "2709",
      "price_range_label": "Unclassified",
      "trade_type_label": "Two-way trade",
      "substitution_elasticity": -12.554918,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2230257985.270837,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 1327784042.932049,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 2729442396.2185984,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 8.5181,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 16.5447,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -18.2889,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 2850110965.84,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 3356342043.31,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 69764.827467,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 2579,
      "buyer_population_latest": 27053.629,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 14.46,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 22.78,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 30.65,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 103767.68,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 3317.91,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 28.65,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 48.74,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 15.61,
      "exports_latest_usd": 258677751.45374587,
      "exports_avg_usd": 144561654.6104354,
      "exports_peak_usd": 340746943.92428976,
      "share_latest_pct": 11.59855734906528,
      "share_avg_pct": 8.283862339089401,
      "share_peak_pct": 14.57444555378581,
      "share_change_1y_pp": 3.864064239221568,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": 0.59842,
      "cagr_full_pct": 11.434,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 138.6217,
      "yoy_latest_pct": 22.5331,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 50,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 357942073.13,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 444476219.72,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 76.8029,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 2188967251.07,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 2577767288.45,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 88.40143545835289,
      "peer_top_exporter": "NGA",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 4,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 7949.34,
      "distance_km": 7873.85400390625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.00989999994635582,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 6,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5960784147666375,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 95.19947388091369,
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "lane_data_years": 17,
      "lane_last_year": 2024,
      "rank": 452,
      "importer_name": "CÃ´te d\\'Ivoire"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "NGA",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 3080432595.447777,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 1668968828.8877826,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 5920962093.588404,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 13.0097,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 27.463,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -47.9741,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 4445891868.08,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 5677934165.58,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 440776.971536,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 2085,
      "buyer_population_latest": 211400.711,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 26.33,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 20.4,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 40.44,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 675832.9,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 2768.19,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 32.77,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 53.33,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 15.49,
      "exports_latest_usd": 543.3699554714924,
      "exports_avg_usd": 4849259.378804502,
      "exports_peak_usd": 16397635.369717054,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.000025412712666837043,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.3220725511101181,
      "share_peak_pct": 1.0976526605889032,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -1.0976272478762363,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.017979,
      "cagr_full_pct": -53.0198,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 241.6899,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -99.9967,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 66.6667,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 229.23,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 128.94,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 47.7406,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 2122496731.2,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 2710681470.44,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 47.74065415886456,
      "peer_top_exporter": "IND",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 72,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 2645.03,
      "distance_km": 8694.00390625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 7.2,
      "shared_legal_system": 0,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.3823647049033332,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.99668629077779,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 4,
      "lane_last_year": 2019,
      "rank": 464,
      "importer_name": "Nigeria"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "EGY",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2870545493.5924325,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 1232375829.7214522,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 3812454173.497679,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 18.6966,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 35.4379,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 58.9145,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 4800423647.3,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 6763263706.38,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 404142.766093,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 3876,
      "buyer_population_latest": 104258.324,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 17.16,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 5.09,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 75.56,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 498348.92,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 4346.59,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 12.14,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 23.31,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 9.96,
      "exports_latest_usd": 22312.7379247973,
      "exports_avg_usd": 25019553.946248557,
      "exports_peak_usd": 159039993.46446404,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.0007772995751017814,
      "share_avg_pct": 1.4240180357968606,
      "share_peak_pct": 8.804512317272978,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -8.803735017697877,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": 0.000127,
      "cagr_full_pct": 53.198,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 22536.1306,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -99.986,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 66.6667,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 43579.57,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 68093.07,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 41.1522,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1975479523.84,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 2783231220.4,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 41.152968626588724,
      "peer_top_exporter": "SAU",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 78,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 2073.02,
      "distance_km": 11313.599609375,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.1980106758310423,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.98597036038626,
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "lane_data_years": 7,
      "lane_last_year": 2024,
      "rank": 502,
      "importer_name": "Egypt"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "ZAF",
      "hs_code": "851712",
      "hs_description": "Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks",
      "hs_chapter": "85",
      "hs_heading": "8517",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": -8.9039278,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1838931211.6883788,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 1284547887.3644788,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 1977108550.0605738,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 6.3175,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 8.2774,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 3.7289,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.3333,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 2209936674.3,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 2497982506.05,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 419946.428126,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 6994,
      "buyer_population_latest": 60041.996,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 19.8,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 19.18,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 86.3,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 433176.51,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 6796.3,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": -2.83,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 3.15,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 6.15,
      "exports_latest_usd": 502.9749613614495,
      "exports_avg_usd": 1209.3607787285127,
      "exports_peak_usd": 9023.978201156333,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.00002543992646969432,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.0001852671630688289,
      "share_peak_pct": 0.0017668288850848607,
      "share_change_1y_pp": 0.000024703554874795644,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.000174,
      "cagr_full_pct": -14.0971,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 599.3199,
      "yoy_latest_pct": 4911.8655,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 40,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 318.84,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 235.28,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 67.9999,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1502754126.94,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1698624926.06,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 67.99989821505999,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 102,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 5000.41,
      "distance_km": 10630.4375,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 40,
      "shared_legal_system": 0,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.076533357436795,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.88878869822713,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 11,
      "lane_last_year": 2022,
      "rank": 637,
      "importer_name": "South Africa"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "DZA",
      "hs_code": "170114",
      "hs_description": "Sugars: cane sugar, raw, in solid form, other than as specified in Subheading Note 2 to this chapter, not containing added flavouring or colouring matter",
      "hs_chapter": "17",
      "hs_heading": "1701",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1048786404.86,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 411277473.90871567,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 1048786404.86,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 9.0439,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 19.3426,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 59.0569,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 1359850164.57,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 1616939352.54,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 167983.141738,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 3765,
      "buyer_population_latest": 44616.627,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 38.52,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 42.74,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 47.31,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 200961.36,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 4179.54,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 11.01,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 19.63,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 7.77,
      "exports_latest_usd": 148013.96,
      "exports_avg_usd": 847433.5835823028,
      "exports_peak_usd": 4323026.149782855,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.014112879354090982,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.9482480004300738,
      "share_peak_pct": 5.265697669594189,
      "share_change_1y_pp": 0.005494523205387321,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.293506,
      "cagr_full_pct": -10.1153,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 24.1647,
      "yoy_latest_pct": 160.4616,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 61.5385,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 107488.08,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 86842.45,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 99.9701,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1359442908.52,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1616455101.88,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 99.98416428176125,
      "peer_top_exporter": "BRA",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 3,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 9996.83,
      "distance_km": 8645.64453125,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.00989999994635582,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 0,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 18,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.7772019692497618,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.39664960863956,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 14,
      "lane_last_year": 2024,
      "rank": 697,
      "importer_name": "Algeria"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "MAR",
      "hs_code": "271113",
      "hs_description": "Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons: liquefied, butanes",
      "hs_chapter": "27",
      "hs_heading": "2711",
      "price_range_label": "Unclassified",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade",
      "substitution_elasticity": -66.328537,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1452259457.5226195,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 829641876.1327674,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 1824347958.8502698,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 9.2346,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 12.8523,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 11.5228,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 68.9655,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 1892887859.8,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 2258631257.74,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 132725.261467,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 3554,
      "buyer_population_latest": 37344.788,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 32.82,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 20.62,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 41.95,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 162760.18,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 4115.1,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 15.79,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 22.63,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 5.91,
      "exports_latest_usd": 1541228.5176401276,
      "exports_avg_usd": 3407518.9722577925,
      "exports_peak_usd": 4359153.23153587,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.1583007299038698,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.3750395203770551,
      "share_peak_pct": 0.545059836780501,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -0.26345726454292473,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.19338,
      "cagr_full_pct": -29.0877,
      "yoy_avg_pct": -31.8942,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -64.6439,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 50,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 650205.78,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 365740.75,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 68.7615,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1301577309.86,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1553067806.53,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 68.91975974206335,
      "peer_top_exporter": "USA",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 23,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 5006.82,
      "distance_km": 7724.86962890625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.21780000627040863,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 9,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.38730612805666487,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 64.64385545132343,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 3,
      "lane_last_year": 2019,
      "rank": 729,
      "importer_name": "Morocco"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "SEN",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1944200050.4801786,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 835250210.0926907,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 2329021291.108344,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 14.1069,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 29.7802,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 20.5393,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 2888528721.32,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 3760975609.27,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 27625.388352,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 1606,
      "buyer_population_latest": 17196.308,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 24.06,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 11.36,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 20.83,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 39352.91,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 1972.96,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 22.85,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 42.45,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 15.96,
      "exports_latest_usd": 671965.9341362097,
      "exports_avg_usd": 4810985.983296024,
      "exports_peak_usd": 23015156.628251795,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.06772425158330977,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.41736595904905477,
      "share_peak_pct": 1.4324489629654802,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -1.3647247113821703,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": 0.010999,
      "cagr_full_pct": 24.4943,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 59050.4367,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -97.0803,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 50,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 1296569.46,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 2009531.46,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 41.0843,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1186731471.62,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1545170067.58,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 41.152012694470876,
      "peer_top_exporter": "RUS",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 66,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 2098.14,
      "distance_km": 6402.5576171875,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.00989999994635582,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 6,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.6779366156857305,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.71676705011816,
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "lane_data_years": 7,
      "lane_last_year": 2020,
      "rank": 795,
      "importer_name": "Senegal"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "MLI",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "hs_chapter": "",
      "hs_heading": "",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1467604913.850503,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 520805380.44912124,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 1603729806.8126478,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 12.0214,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 15.8308,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -0.8856,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 2063062523.69,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 2588895646.63,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 19143.741502999997,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 918,
      "buyer_population_latest": 20855.724,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 20.57,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 4.48,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 22.46,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 24071.33,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 974.26,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 6.13,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 25.74,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 18.48,
      "exports_latest_usd": 10603.308060021709,
      "exports_avg_usd": 99581.92611462442,
      "exports_peak_usd": 236349.27038259775,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.0014134397485815544,
      "share_avg_pct": 0.021807463383417925,
      "share_peak_pct": 0.06527948933565483,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -0.00787467318857214,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.012773,
      "cagr_full_pct": -35.8181,
      "yoy_avg_pct": -22.3691,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -83.219,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 40,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 4473.27,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 2516.21,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 54.3891,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1122080370.26,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1408076077.37,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 54.39047617393924,
      "peer_top_exporter": "SEN",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 44,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 4486.01,
      "distance_km": 7417.8154296875,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 11,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8937798768200875,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 95.51371237877854,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 6,
      "lane_last_year": 2014,
      "rank": 852,
      "importer_name": "Mali"
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "COL",
      "importer_iso3": "MAR",
      "hs_code": "170114",
      "hs_description": "Sugars: cane sugar, raw, in solid form, other than as specified in Subheading Note 2 to this chapter, not containing added flavouring or colouring matter",
      "hs_chapter": "17",
      "hs_heading": "1701",
      "price_range_label": null,
      "trade_type_label": null,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 898036585.1713859,
      "buyer_imports_avg_usd": 302366127.4846585,
      "buyer_imports_peak_usd": 898036585.1713859,
      "buyer_cagr_full_pct": 6.8362,
      "buyer_yoy_avg_pct": 10.1704,
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 4.4388,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
      "buyer_imports_proj_3y_usd": 1095087724.94,
      "buyer_imports_proj_5y_usd": 1249929442.99,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 132725.261467,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 3554,
      "buyer_population_latest": 37344.788,
      "buyer_investment_rate": 32.82,
      "buyer_savings_rate": 20.62,
      "buyer_edu_secondary": 41.95,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_2030_proj": 162760.18,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_2030_proj": 4115.1,
      "buyer_gdp_pc_growth_pct": 15.79,
      "buyer_gdp_mn_growth_pct": 22.63,
      "buyer_pop_growth_pct": 5.91,
      "exports_latest_usd": 2632.5439260116536,
      "exports_avg_usd": 1830272.7530734118,
      "exports_peak_usd": 6562072.544455529,
      "share_latest_pct": 0.00029314439628417205,
      "share_avg_pct": 1.851823043641945,
      "share_peak_pct": 9.085278000051337,
      "share_change_1y_pp": -0.00018987216509332882,
      "share_trend_pp_per_yr": -0.322523,
      "cagr_full_pct": -22.7447,
      "yoy_avg_pct": 516.9426,
      "yoy_latest_pct": -36.6158,
      "trend_consistency_pct": 27.2727,
      "exports_proj_3y_usd": 1213.84,
      "exports_proj_5y_usd": 724.47,
      "your_share_gap_pp": 97.3267,
      "addressable_proj_3y_usd": 1065813086.81,
      "addressable_proj_5y_usd": 1216515469.57,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 97.32702437662674,
      "peer_top_exporter": "BRA",
      "num_suppliers_latest": 27,
      "buyer_herfindahl_index": 9479.66,
      "distance_km": 7724.86962890625,
      "shares_official_language": 0,
      "common_spoken_language_score": 0.21780000627040863,
      "has_wto_reported_fta": 0,
      "buyer_is_eu_member": 0,
      "buyer_is_wto_member": 1,
      "buyer_biz_entry_days": 9,
      "shared_legal_system": 1,
      "shared_religion": 0,
      "shares_land_border": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2593469866742484,
      "lane_max_drawdown_pct": 99.99601364137688,
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "lane_data_years": 12,
      "lane_last_year": 2024,
      "rank": 913,
      "importer_name": "Morocco"
    }
  ],
  "sectors": [
    {
      "hs2": "00",
      "sector_name": "HS2 sector 00",
      "opportunity_count": 6,
      "addressable_usd": 13434435166.950003,
      "market_size_usd": 20050942716.519245,
      "growth": 88.1125,
      "growthCount": 6,
      "average_growth_pct": 14.685416666666667
    },
    {
      "hs2": "27",
      "sector_name": "HS2 sector 27",
      "opportunity_count": 3,
      "addressable_usd": 5709586866.599999,
      "market_size_usd": 8590883203.639801,
      "growth": 18.9003,
      "growthCount": 3,
      "average_growth_pct": 6.3001000000000005
    },
    {
      "hs2": "17",
      "sector_name": "HS2 sector 17",
      "opportunity_count": 2,
      "addressable_usd": 2425255995.33,
      "market_size_usd": 1946822990.031386,
      "growth": 15.8801,
      "growthCount": 2,
      "average_growth_pct": 7.94005
    },
    {
      "hs2": "85",
      "sector_name": "HS2 sector 85",
      "opportunity_count": 1,
      "addressable_usd": 1502754126.94,
      "market_size_usd": 1838931211.6883788,
      "growth": 6.3175,
      "growthCount": 1,
      "average_growth_pct": 6.3175
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    "overview",
    "markets",
    "opportunities",
    "sectors",
    "faq",
    "data-source"
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported trade observations and calculated indicators are shown separately. Validate buyers, tariffs, standards, logistics, pricing, and competition before acting.",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "Should Colombia focus on Africa?",
      "answer": "Use the market ranking as a starting point, then check product fit, buyer requirements, route costs, tariffs, standards, and competitive conditions."
    },
    {
      "question": "What does calculated opportunity mean?",
      "answer": "It is a screening indicator built from demand and exporter-position signals. It is not a confirmed order, sales forecast, or guarantee of market entry."
    },
    {
      "question": "How should exporters use this page?",
      "answer": "Prioritize one market and product combination, then validate buyers, compliance, logistics, pricing, and continuity before making a commercial decision."
    }
  ],
  "links": {
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "trade": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/countries",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/playbook/COL/region/africa/index.json",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/playbook/COL/region/africa/index.md",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/playbook/COL/region/africa/index.ld.json"
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-30)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-30",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-30"
      }
    ]
  },
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-30T12:37:23.087Z"
}